痫性发作本身能否引起脑损伤尚有很大争论，动物试验证实由不同因素，如海人酸或电刺激引致痛性发作后其发作敏感性会增加。已证实人和动物癫痫发作后有脑损伤，但单次全身强直一阵挛性发作（GTCS）是否有脑损伤尚不清楚，部份原因就是缺乏组织损伤的定量观察指标。烯醇化酶是 There is much debate about whether epileptic seizures can cause brain damage in their own right. Animal tests confirm that the seizure sensitivity increases with different factors, such as kainate or electrical stimulation, after a painful attack. It has been demonstrated that there is a brain injury after seizures in humans and animals, but it is unclear whether a single tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) has a brain injury, in part because of the lack of a quantitative measure of tissue damage. Enolase is