结节性甲状腺肿（nodular goiter，NG）是弥漫性非毒性甲状腺肿结节期表现，在碘缺乏病流行时期具有高发病率。随着各国食盐加碘政策的实施，NG发病率在全球范围内显著下降。但这种甲状腺疾病仍然存在，且为临床常见病种。研究人员日渐重视到，除碘缺乏外仍有其他多种因素及机制参与NG的发病与发展。因此，防控NG应在注重合理碘营养水平的同时，适当关注其他危险因素的作用。文中就NG流行病学变化、发病危险因素及相关机制进行综述，以期更新对NG流行病学与发病危险因素的认识。“,”Nodular goiter (NG) is a diffuse nontoxic nodular of goiter, which has a high incidence during the iodine deficiency disorders epidemic. With the implementation of salt iodization policies in various countries, the incidence of NG has been significantly reduced worldwide. But this kind of thyroid disease still exists and is common in clinic. In addition to iodine deficiency, there are many other factors and mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and development of NG. Therefore, the prevention and control of NG should pay attention to the role of other risk factors while paying attention to the reasonable iodine nutrition level. This article reviews the epidemiological changes, risk factors and related mechanisms of NG, in order to update the understanding of NG epidemiology and risk factors.