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现藏于中国国家博物馆的《古雪轩图》,系清代乾隆朝皇六子永瑢为其上书房师傅倪承宽所作的山水画卷。此图绘制于乾隆二十八年(1763年),时永瑢等诸位皇子及师傅正扈从热河避暑山庄,师生共同欣赏前代画作之余,永瑢应邀完成此作。画卷描绘了倪承宽故乡杭州的“古雪轩”书斋图景,且于画卷诗塘及裱边处,乾隆诸位皇子均有题跋。此件绘画作品,让我们窥视到史书志乘中鲜有记载的皇子与上书房师傅之间真诚的师生关系,是一件兼具艺术与文物价值的珍贵文物。本文力图通过对上书房择选授业师傅、陪扈热河等相关制度的梳理,结合其他文献资料,还原《古雪轩图》绘制时的历史背景,探究文物背后的历史价值。此外,本文拟借助永瑢等诸位皇子与师傅互赠诗文书法等交往互动的相关资料,揭示其时以上书房为中心,业已形成了一个小型的文化交游圈。上书房师生诗文书画等日常生活情趣的交流,加之因共同参与编纂《四库全书》所结成的共事利益关系,使得这个交游圈得以巩固传承。
Now hidden in the China National Museum “ancient snow Xuan map”, the Qing Dynasty Qianlong Emperor six son Yong 瑢 as his hometown master Ni Chengkuan made landscape painting. This picture was drawn in twenty-eight years of Qianlong (1763). At that time, princes and masters from Yeongcheon were taking part in the Rehe Summer Resort. Teachers and students shared their appreciation for the paintings of previous generations. The picture depicts the hometown of Hangzhou, “Cheng Xuan Xuan,” the hometown of Ni Chengkeng, and the title of the book of Qianhai, and all the princes in Qianlong had inscriptions and postscripts on the scroll of the poetic pond. This painting shows us the sincere relationship between the teachers and students of Shi Shu Zhi, who is rarely recorded in the history, and is a precious cultural relic with the value of art and cultural relics. This article attempts to review the historical background of the ancient Snow Xuan Tu figure and the historical value behind the relics by combing the relevant systems of choosing a master candidate, Hu Hu Rehe and other related documents in combination with other documents and materials. In addition, this essay intends to exchange information about the interaction between poetry and calligraphy and calligraphy with other princes and masters like Wing Chi, revealing that the above study was the center, and a small cultural exchange circle has been formed. The exchange of daily life, such as poetry, calligraphy, calligraphy and painting on the study room, and the co-operative interest formed by the joint participation in the compilation of the Sikuquanshu made this circle of friends and families be able to consolidate and inherit.