引论中国人的民族危机感是在西洋和东洋帝国主义和殖民主义的炮火轰倒了中国的前门、后门和侧门以后才进发出来的。在此之前,中国并没有一个民族国家的概念。中国人——应该说是有儒学知识的——有一个“天下”的概念和一个“中华文化”的概念。在这两个概念里,凡不属于中华文化圈子里的都是夷。这种夷原本没有歧视的意思。虽然统治这个文化圈子的王权时常遭北方游牧民族的侵犯,“我”与“他”的区分不是以国家疆界而定的,比如归顺了的进贡国也可能是“我”。也不是以种族来区分的,不论哪个种族拿到了王权的正统权就是中华文化里的国人。 The Chinese sense of ethnic crisis was introduced after the frontiers, backdoors, and side gates of China were destroyed by the artillery of imperialism and colonialism in the West and in the East. Before that, China did not have a concept of a nation state. Chinese - should be said that there is a Confucian knowledge - there is a “world” concept and a “Chinese culture” concept. In these two concepts, all those who do not belong to the Chinese cultural circle are barbarians. This kind of barbarians originally meant no discrimination. Although the ruling monarchy of this cultural circle is often violated by nomadic peoples in the north, the distinction between “I” and “him” is not based on the national frontier. For example, the paid tribute country may also be “I” . Nor is it to race to distinguish, regardless of which race to get the monarchy of the orthodox is the Chinese people in the culture.