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苏联按每一亿吨钢计算的机械产品产量只有4300万吨,而美国为5500万吨,苏较美少18%。据1965年的统计,苏机械工业金属材料单位消耗较世界先进水平高25%,仅这一年就多用了1000多万吨。为什么苏联机械工业钢铁材料浪费大呢?苏《经济问题杂志》1970年7期发表的“降低金属材料消耗”一文透露的情况,可以部分地回答这个问题,根据作者伊·巴什柯对钢铁工业和机械工业所做的分析,有下面几点原因:1.钢铁工业生产指标和价格政策不当。生产指标主要用吨位衡量,产品价格不能反映实际劳动量,因而企业管理人员不关心扩大品种、提高质量。2.钢铁工业产品品种结构不合理。苏生铁产量较成品钢材高4%左右,而技术先进的国家钢材产量较生铁高8～10%。苏生铁中铸造生铁比例高,铸造生铁产量相当于美、英、西德和日本的总合。而炼铸造生铁时,高炉效率低26%,多耗用焦炭30%。苏钢材中板材比例低,仅占36.5%,美为61%。3.机械制造厂和设计人员因循守旧,不愿多用板材,担心板材供不应求时捞不到奖金。4.机械工业工艺水平落后。铸工生产水平落后:铸工车间几乎完全是沿用30～50年代的冲天炉炼铁,感应电炉炼铁只占0.5%。冲天炉生铁含硫量高、强度差,不得不把铸件造得又重又大。在美国和西欧,感应电炉已大面积推广。目前,美有炼铁用感应电炉3000台,预计1975年技术先进国家感应电炉炼铁量将增至铸造生铁产量40%。
The output of machinery products calculated by the Soviet Union at 100 million tons of steel was only 43 million tons, compared with 55 million tons in the United States and 18% less than in the United States. According to the statistics of 1965, the unit consumption of metal materials in the Soviet machinery industry is 25% higher than the world’s advanced level, and more than 10 million tons have been used in this year alone. Why is it that the Soviet Union’s machinery industry wastes a lot of waste of steel? The publication of the article entitled “Reduce the Consumption of Metallic Materials” published by the Economist Intelligence Unit in 1970 7 may partially answer this question. According to the author, Iraq Bashkek, And the analysis done by the machinery industry, the following reasons: 1. Iron and steel industry production indicators and price policy inappropriate. The production index is mainly measured by tonnage, and the product price can not reflect the actual amount of labor. Therefore, the enterprise managers are not concerned about expanding the variety and improving the quality. 2. Iron and steel industry product variety structure is irrational. The output of pig iron is about 4% higher than that of finished steel, while the output of advanced steel is 8-10% higher than that of pig iron. Su pig iron castings in a high proportion of cast iron castings output equivalent to the United States, Britain, West Germany and Japan’s total. Cast iron foundry, blast furnace efficiency is low 26%, consume more coke 30%. Steel plate in the proportion of low, accounting for only 36.5%, the United States was 61%. 3. Mechanical factories and designers follow the conservative path, do not want to use more plate, worried about the shortage of plate can not be rewarded when the prize money. 4 mechanical industrial technology behind. Casting production level behind: Casting shop is almost entirely follow the 30 ~ 50’s Cupola iron, induction furnace iron only 0.5%. Cupola pig iron high sulfur content, the intensity is poor, had cast made heavy. In the United States and Western Europe, induction furnace has been widely promoted. At present, the United States has 3,000 induction furnaces for ironmaking. It is estimated that in 1975, the production of induction furnaces in technologically advanced countries will increase to 40% of the cast iron output.