符号说明 D——管子拉拔前的外径。f(x)——任一拉拔阶段的拉拔力。f(b)——拉模进口处的反拉力。p_0——无顶头拉拔时的平均径向压力。p——用芯棒或短顶头拉拔时作用在拉模上的平均径向力。 Q——拉模的曲率半径。R——芯棒或短顶头的半径。t——任一瞬间的管壁厚度。t的注脚0,1,2表示相应变形区出口和入口处的壁厚。α——拉模圆锥部分的角度(拉模的锥度)ω——摩擦系数。 Symbol Description D - pipe diameter before drawing. f (x) - pulling force at any drawing stage. f (b) - Backlash at the die entry. p_0 - average radial pressure without tip drawing. p - the average radial force acting on the die when drawing with a mandrel or short head. Q - the radius of curvature of the die. R - mandrel or short head radius. t - any moment of the wall thickness. The footnotes 0, 1, 2 of t represent the wall thickness at the exit and entrance of the corresponding deformation zone. α - taper part of the angle of the die (taper of the die) ω - friction coefficient.