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本文以博丹的早期著作为中心,追踪欧洲近代早期罗马法研究传统的一次革命,它体现为一个以《民法大全》所象征的罗马和帝国大一统为中心的普遍法传统,向以主权国家为中心的普遍法研究传统的转变。《民法大全》的“成文理性”地位、它作为帝国法权的象征、以及罗马法学者围绕《民法大全》研究所结成的跨国界的法律人共同体意识共同维系着《民法大全》作为普遍法的地位。但这种普遍法地位最终随着人文主义方法的引入而遇到挑战,文字学的求真意识和“回到源头”的立场,瓦解了罗马法历史连续性的神话,由此引入的历史意识最终导向一种区别于罗马的民族意志,它在意大利体现为古典主义的共和立场,而在法国则体现为封建法研究的滥觞。通过对于两个学派研究方法和问题意识的扬弃,博丹试图建构一个兼具理性意识和历史经验的新普遍法体系,它通过逻辑分类保证科学性,通过万民法的填充保证普遍性。这样做的后果就是将帝国传统下的普遍法研究转化为一个以寻找法律内在精神和理性为要旨的法律科学,由于国家在这种法律科学中的中心地位,这种法理学最终又落实为一种公法科学和政治科学。
Based on the early writings of Bodin, this essay traces a revolution in the study of the early Roman law in Europe in early modern times. It reflects a universal law tradition centered on the unification of Rome and the empire symbolized by the “Civil Law Encyclopedia” The Center for Universal Law studies traditional transformation. As a symbol of imperial power and as a cross-border consciousness of community of legal persons formed by the Roman legal scholars around the “Civil Law Encyclopedia”, the “Civil Law Encyclopedia” The status of universal law. However, this universal legal status finally met with challenges brought by the introduction of the humanist method. The philosophical sense of truth and “back to the source ” position disintegrated the myth of the historical continuity of Roman law, Historical consciousness finally leads to a national will which is different from Rome. It manifests as a classical republican standpoint in Italy, while in France it is the beginning of the study of feudal law. By abandoning the research methods and problem consciousness of the two schools, Bo Dan tries to construct a new universal law system that combines both rational consciousness and historical experience. It guarantees scientificity through logical classification and ensures universality through the popularization of the laws of peoples. The consequence of this is to turn the study of universal law under the imperial tradition into a legal science that seeks to find the intrinsic spirit and rationality of law. As a result of the central position of the state in this legal science, this jurisprudence is finally implemented as a Public law science and political science.