AIM: To evaluate the therapeutic effect and the indication of percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and their combination in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Two hundred and fifty-five patients with HCC received treatment of PEI, RFA or their combination. Groupl (< 3 cm in diameter, n=85) was treated with PEI, group2(< 3 cm in diameter, n=153) with RFA. Group3 (>3 cm in diameter, n=86) was divided into two groups. Group 3a (n=34) was treated with RFA, while group 3b (n=52) was treated with RFA for 2 wk after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or PEI. Contrast-enhanced sonography was performed for 61 patients before and after RFA. Liver function and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were measured for all patients. Changes of the lesions on ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT/MRI were evaluated for assessing the therapeutic responses. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were recorded after treatment. RESULTS: In group 1, the complete necrosis rate of lesions after 1 mo was 77.6% (66/85). The level of AFP declined conspicuously after 1 mo. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rate after treatment was 80.0% (52/65), 60.4% (32/53), 52.5% (21/40) and 33.3% (7/21), respectively. In group 2, the complete necrosis rate of lesions after 1 moh was 92.2% (141/153). The level of AFP decreased conspicuously after 1 mo. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rate after treatment was 94.6% (88/93), 73.2% (52/71), 63.5% (33/52) and 46.4% (13/28), respectively. In group 3a, the complete necrosis rate of lesions after 1 mo was 23.5% (8/34). AFP dropped down to the normal level in only one patient after 1 mo. The 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rate after treatment was 47.6% (10/21), 42.9% (6/14) and 27.3% (3/11), respectively. Only one patient was still alive after 5 years. In group 3b, the complete necrosis rate of lesions after 1 mo was 57.7% (30/52). The level of AFP decreased after 1 mo. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rate after treatment was 68.6% (24/35), 46.2% (12/26), 36.8% (7/19) and 27.3% (3/11), respectively. CONCLUSION: The therapeutic effect of RFA on small HCC is better than that of PEL Small HCC is the optimal indication of RFA. For recurrent HCC (diameter>3 cm), the combined treatment of RFA and PEI/ACE should be used. AIM: To evaluate the therapeutic effect and the indication of percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and their combination in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Two hundred and fifty-five patients with HCC received treatment of PEI Group3 (> 3 cm in diameter, n = 85) was treated with PEI, group2 (<3 cm in diameter, n = 153) with RFA. Group 3a (n = 34) was treated with RFA, while group 3b (n = 52) was treated with RFA for 2 wk after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or PEI. Contrast-enhanced sonography was performed for 61 patients before and after RFA. Liver function and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were measured for all patients. Changes of the lesions on ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT / MRI were evaluated for the therapeutic responses. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were recorded after treatment. RESULTS: In group 1, the compl The level of AFP declined conspicuously after 1 month. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rate after treatment was 80.0% (52 / In group 2, the complete necrosis rate of lesions after 1 moh was 92.2% (141/153). In group 2, the complete necrosis rate of lesions after 1 moh was 92.2% (141/153), 60.4% (32/53), 52.5% (21/40) and 33.3% (7/21) The level of AFP decreased conspicuously after 1 month. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rates after treatment were 94.6% (88/93), 73.2% (52/71), 63.5% (33 / 52) and 46.4% (13/28), respectively. In group 3a, the complete necrosis rate of lesions after 1 mo was 23.5% (8/34). AFP dropped down to the normal level in only one patient after 1 mo. The 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rate after treatment was 47.6% (10/21), 42.9% (6/14) and 27.3% (3/11), respectively. Only one patient was still alive after 5 years In group 3b, the complete necrosis rate of lesions after 1 mo was 57.7% (30/52). The level of AFP decreased after 1 mo. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rate after tCONCLUSION: The therapeutic effect of RFA on small HCC is better than that that of PEL Small HCC is the optimal indication of RFA. For recurrent HCC (diameter> 3 cm), the combined treatment of RFA and PEI / ACE should be used.