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聚合物的辐射交联、降解和接枝改性都是由辐射向聚合物的能量转移引发的。任何一种辐射源的辐射,都可以引发聚合物分子的活化或电离,生成发生化学反应所需的活性粒子。能量转移的主要形式是射线通过电离与聚合物分子发生作用,而碰撞的贡献比较小。X 射线或γ射线等电磁波的辐射会产生高能二次电子,高能二次电子可以使聚合物分子发生电离。电子束、γ射线和离子束作为辐射源,其穿透聚合物材料过程中能量损失方式的宏观机理大相径庭。本文从宏观和微观两方面的机理分别对由电子、γ射线、离子和中子引发的单一辐射效应事件进行描述。
Radiation cross-linking, degradation and graft modification of polymers are all initiated by energy transfer from the radiation to the polymer. Either radiation source of radiation, can trigger the activation of polymer molecules or ionization, to generate the chemical reaction required for the active particles. The main form of energy transfer is that the rays interact with polymer molecules through ionization, and the contribution of collisions is relatively small. Radiation of electromagnetic waves such as X-rays or gamma rays generates high-energy secondary electrons that can ionize the polymer molecules. The macroscopic mechanisms of electron beam, gamma ray, and ion beam as radiation sources in their way of energy loss through polymeric materials vary widely. In this paper, we describe the single radiation effect events induced by electrons, γ-rays, ions and neutrons respectively from the macroscopic and microscopic mechanisms.