(一) 长期以来,我国经济管理中存在的一个主要问题是国家对企业管得过多、过细、过死,企业缺乏应有的活力。工厂的生产计划由上级下达,生产所需物资由上级层层调拨、分配,生产出来的产品全部由物资、商业部门收购;一切收入向上交,一切开支向上要;损失浪费不受罚,增产节约也无奖;赢利亏本一个样,“大锅饭”吃个饱。有的同志把这种管理方法概括为“四大”,即“计划大包揽,物资大统配,劳资大统管,财政大包干”。这种计划管理方法,使企业失去了生产的主动性和灵活性,造成了产销脱节;这种物资管理方法,堵死了物资流通和正常渠道;这种劳资管理方法,压抑了职工 (I) For a long time, one of the major problems in China’s economic management has been that the state controls the enterprises too much, too small, too dead and the enterprises lacks the vitality they deserve. The production plan of the factory is issued by the higher level. The products needed for production are transferred and allocated by the higher levels, and the products produced are all purchased by the materials and commercial departments. All the income is turned over and all expenses are up. The loss and waste are not penalized and the production is saved. No prize; profit and loss of a kind, “big pot” eat full. Some comrades summed up this method of management as the “four major”, that is, “the plan swept the big materiel distribution, collective management of labor and capital, and a large fiscal package.” Such a plan management method has caused the enterprises to lose the initiative and flexibility in production, resulting in a disconnect between production and sales. This material management method has blocked the flow of materials and normal channels. This labor management method has suppressed the workers’