其次,科研集体和机构的领导人,作为科学家继续为科学做出个人的贡献,他们不仅保持了很高的权威,而且也保持了对自己的信心.考虑到科学中主观因素的意义,这一管理的特点是很难估价的.美国文献中不只一次地指出,管理者对自己的权威性丧失信心,会对整个研究室产生多么大的破坏性影响.所有这一切加到一起,都是反对科学机关僚官化的有效手段.[9]关于苏联科学的官 Second, leaders of research collectives and institutions, as scientists, continue to make their personal contribution to science, not only retaining high authority but also maintaining their confidence in themselves. Given the significance of subjective factors in science, The characteristics of management are hard to value, and it is more than once pointed out in the American literature that managers' disillusionment with their authority can have a devastating effect on the entire laboratory. An effective means of bureaucracy of scientific institutions. [9] Officials on Soviet science