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一、鸦片战争前中国人对西方人的认识 当西方传教士马特·里奇在1601年最终获准进入中国首都北京,并把一幅由欧洲人绘制的世界地图呈献给明朝的万历皇帝朱翊钧时,皇帝和一些大臣们才知道世界上有五大洲并且有中国以外的各种不同民族、不同文化的客观存在。然而,1839年爆发的那一次战争使人们对这件事几乎全忘了。广东是当时沿海国家来中国从事贸易的地方。那里的居民以及那些与外国人交涉的中国官员们,知道荷兰人是“红头发的野蛮人”,他们生着“凹陷的眼睛和
I. The Chinese’s Understanding of Westerners before the Opium War When the western missionary Matt Ridge was finally allowed to enter the Chinese capital Beijing in 1601 and presented a map of the world drawn by Europeans to the Ming emperor Wan Yih At that time, the emperor and some ministers learned that there are five continents in the world and the objective existence of different nationalities and cultures other than China. However, the war that erupted in 1839 led to the almost total forgetting of the incident. Guangdong was the place where the coastal countries came to China for trade at the time. The inhabitants there and the Chinese officials who negotiated with foreigners knew that the Dutch were “red-haired barbarians,” with "hollow eyes and