人们比较了解19世纪英、法、德、意、俄等欧洲大国的社会变迁以及它们在国际上的作用,但是另一个欧洲国家却往往由于种种原因而遭到忽视。这就是教皇国,它在欧洲近代历史中的实际分量可以与上述列强相比。教皇国领土虽小影响颇大,它主要通过其宗教网络与活动影响欧洲事务,甚至直接干预他国内政。由于教皇国的显著作用,欧洲各国普遍重视与它的关系。就国家统一和独立、自 People are more familiar with the social changes in 19th-century European powers such as Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Russia and their international role. However, the other European countries are often overlooked for various reasons. This is the papal state, and its actual weight in the modern history of Europe can be compared with the above powers. Despite its small influence, the Papal territory affects mainly European affairs through its religious networks and activities, and even intervenes directly in the internal affairs of other countries. Due to the remarkable role of the Papal States, the European countries generally attach importance to its relations with it. On the national unity and independence, since