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胶质细胞是脑内数量最多的神经细胞,包括星形胶质细胞、少突胶质前体细胞、NG2胶质细胞等多种类型,具有维持神经系统内环境稳态、支持和营养神经元、调控神经信号传导等多种重要功能。近年来,随着研究的深入,越来越多的证据表明某些特定的胶质细胞在一定条件下表现出干细胞的特性,发挥干细胞的功能。例如,在病理损伤条件下,星形胶质细胞和少突胶质前体细胞均会被活化而出现增殖、分化,体外分离培养可自我更新形成神经球。这些活化的星形胶质细胞和少突胶质前体细胞形成的神经球能够被诱导分化为星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞和神经元。此外,通过强制性表达外源基因能将星形胶质细胞和NG2胶质细胞转分化为神经元,这可能也是其干细胞特性的一种体现。本文在已有研究的基础上,总结了放射状胶质细胞、少突胶质前体细胞、星形胶质细胞、NG2胶质细胞与其它类型胶质细胞的干细胞特性、干细胞特性形成的条件、它们可能产生的子代细胞以及涉及的分子信号调控通路。深入探讨胶质细胞的干细胞特性及生理功能,有利于促进其在神经系统损伤修复领域的临床应用。
Glial cells are the largest number of nerve cells in the brain, including astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, NG2 glial cells and many other types, with the maintenance of the nervous system homeostasis, support and nutritional neurons , Regulation of nerve signal transduction and many other important functions. In recent years, with the deepening of the research, more and more evidences show that some specific glial cells under certain conditions show the characteristics of stem cells, play a role in stem cells. For example, under pathological conditions, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells are activated and proliferate and differentiate. In vitro culture can self-renew and form neurospheres. Neurospheres formed by these activated astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells can be induced to differentiate into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons. In addition, astrocytes and NG2 glial cells can be differentiated into neurons by forcibly expressing foreign genes, which may also be a manifestation of their stem cell properties. Based on the previous studies, we summarize the characteristics of stem cell characteristics and stem cell characteristics of radial glial cells, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, astrocytes, NG2 glial cells and other types of glial cells, Progeny cells that they may produce and the molecular signaling pathways involved. In-depth exploration of glial cell stem cell characteristics and physiological functions, is conducive to promoting its clinical application in the field of nervous system injury repair.