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宾语从句是初中阶段一个非常重要的语法项目，也是历年中考考查的重点内容。其考查重点主要集中在引导词、语序和时态三个方面。下面结合近几年各地中考试题对其解题方法做一系统的归纳，以期对同学们有所帮助。
一、考查引导词(that, if, whether和特殊疑问词)
宾语从句的引导词that后面接陈述句。例如：
He said that he could help me with my English.
if和whether引导原来是一般疑问句的宾语从句。例如：
Our teacher asked if you had finished your homework.
特殊疑问词引导原来是特殊疑问句的宾语从句。例如：
Can you tell me how I can get to your school?
1. I followed him to see ____ he was going, and I was very surprised when he went into the police station.(江西省)
A. how B. where C. why D. whether
解析：从句子的后半句可以看出是用表示地点的特殊疑问词where，本题的A、B、C三个选项都是特殊疑问词，how表示方式，where表示地点，why表示原因；D项whether表示是否。从全句的语言环境和句子的意思可以判断where符合题意，故选B。
2. We haven’t decided ____. (广东省)
A. that we take a field trip B. how we take a field trip
C. who we’ll take a field trip D. if we will take a field trip tomorrow
解析：从句子的前半句We haven’t decided 可以看出是“我们还没有决定是否……”，that引导的宾语从句是陈述句，how表示方式，who表示是谁，与句子中的we矛盾。所以根据全句可以判断应该用if引导的宾语从句，故选D。
3. “Could you tell me ____?” “Glad to help.” （锦州市）
A. if I have been to the Great Wall B. where did he study
C. how I can get to the station D. what’s your name
解析：A项if引导的宾语从句与第二句的回答不一致；B项where引导的宾语从句没有用陈述语序；D项what引导的宾语从句与答语不符；从后面的答语Glad to help.可以看出，特殊疑问词how引导的宾语从句符合题意，故选C。
二、考查语序
if/whether和特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，不再使用一般疑问语序和特殊疑问语序，要用陈述语序。例如：
1. Can you tell me which floor ____? (山西省)
A. does he live on B. he lives in C. does he live in D. he lives on
解析：特殊疑问词which引导的宾语从句要用陈述语序，也就是“主语+谓语”的句式。特殊疑问句Which floor does he live on?在宾语从句中用陈述语序就不需要用助动词does，所以直接用which floor he lives on。本题B，D两个选项都是陈述语序，但住在几层楼上要用介词on，故选D。
2. “Could you tell me ____ to go to Hainan by air?” “Just a minute, please. I have to check my computer.”(黄山市)
A. how much does it cost B. how much did it cost
C. how much it cost D. how much it costs
解析：特殊疑问句How much does it cost to go to Hainan by air? 在宾语从句中要用陈述语序，不需要用助动词does，直接是how much it costs to go to Hainan by air，本题C、D两个选项都是陈述语序，但本句中的could不是过去式，而是表示比can更加委婉的情态动词，后面不需要用过去时，故选D。
3. Could you tell me ____? I want to post a letter.(浙江省)
A. where is the post office B. where the post office is
C. how can I get to the cinema D. how I can get to the cinema
解析：本题所给的四个选项中B和D都是陈述语序，但是本题的后一句是I want to post a letter. 可以看出前一句是问Could you tell me where the post office is? 故选B。
注意：表示疑问的宾语从句需要用陈述句语序，但个别宾语从句本应运用陈述句语序，但由于习惯而仍保持原疑问句语序不变。例如：
I don’t know what is the matter with him. 我不知道他怎么了。
三、考查时态
宾语从句的时态要和主句的时态保持一致。如果主句是一般现在时，宾语从句可以根据说话的情况选择不同的时态。如果主句是一般过去时，宾语从句要用相应的过去时态。例如：
1. Our head teacher saw the empty seat next to me and asked ____. (山东省)
A. where has Jeff gone B. where did Jeff go
C. where Jeff has been D. where Jeff had gone
解析：主句的asked是一般过去时态，所以宾语从句要用过去完成时，同时还要注意用陈述语序。根据本句的语境the empty seat next to me说明我旁边的人不在这里，应该用had gone，故选D。
2. Do you want to know ____ in the future? A special mirror invented by the French scientists can help you. (莱芜市)
A. what you will look like B. what will you look like
C. how do you look like D. how you look like
解析：主句是一般现在时，所以从句要根据说话的实际情况选择时态，由…in the future可以判断应该用一般将来时。同时还要注意宾语从句的陈述语序，综合考虑应该选择A。
四、如果主句使用Could you tell me…?并不都是一般过去时
could是can的过去式。但在表示比较委婉的语言环境中could不再是can的过去式，它后面的从句不需要用相应的过去时态。例如：
1. “Could you please tell me ____?” “I live in Yan’an.” (陕西省)
A. where do you live B. where were you born
C. where you live D. where you were born
2. “Excuse me, could you tell me ____?” “Sorry, I’m new here, too.”(浙江省)
A. where is the nearest bank B. how can I get to the bank
C. which the way is to the bank D. is there a bank near here
3. “Could you tell me ____?” “Sorry, I don’t know. You can ask the policeman over there.”(哈尔滨市)
A. where the science museum is B. how can I get to the science museum
C. where is the science museum
解析：以上三个例句，其主句Could you tell me…? 表示一种委婉语气，所以后面的宾语从句不需要用相应的过去时态。但是，都必须用陈述语序。所以答案为：1.C；2.C；3.A。
但是如果could表示过去或者句子有明确的表示过去的时间状语，那么宾语从句要用相应的过去时态。例如：
1. “Could you tell me what _____ this time yesterday?” “Er, I was reading in my office.”(扬州市)
A. are you doing B. you are doing C. were you doing D. you were doing
2. “Could you tell me ____?” “Yes. To take back my dictionary.”(南通市)
A. why did you come here B. when do you come here
C. why you came here D. when you come here
解析：这两个题主句是could you tell me，但是，第一个例句的宾语从句有明确的表示过去时间的this time yesterday，所以要用相应的过去时态，根据所给句子的意思应该用过去进行时，又要用陈述语序，故选D。
第二个例句，从问句上很难判断时态。但是，答语To take back my dictionary. 表示目的，所以应该问为什么来这里，从所给的四个选项中可以看出A和C是特殊疑问词why引导的宾语从句，又要考虑语序，所以选择C。
五、如果宾语从句表示客观真理，不论主句时态如何，都要用一般现在时
例如：Our teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.
解析：尽管主句是our teacher said，是一般过去时，但是宾语从句是客观真理，所以要用一般现在时。
六、if引导的从句
if引导的宾语从句和状语从句一定要区分开。if引导的宾语从句经常用一般将来时，而if引导的状语从句经常用一般现在时。例如：
——I wonder if she ____ to the ball.
——She is sure to come if she ____ time tonight. (江苏省)
A. comes; has B. will come; will have C. comes; will have D. will come; has
解析：本题主要考查if引导的从句用法。第一句中的if在动词wonder后面，它引导的从句是宾语从句，主句是一般现在时，从句所表示的动作还没有发生，所以用一般将来时；第二句中的if引导的是条件状语从句，if引导的条件状语从句经常用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。故选D。
【试题精练】
1. I can’t understand ____ the boy alone.
A. why she leave B. why did she leave C. why she had left D. why had she left
2. She told me the sun ____ in the east.
A. rise B. rose C. rises D. had risen
3. I don’t know ____ up so early last Sunday.
A. why did he get B. why he gets C. why does he get D. why he got
4. The manager came up to see ____.
A. what was the matter B. what the matter was
C. what the matter is D. what’s the matter
5. ——Mike wants to know if ____ a picnic tomorrow.
——Yes. But if it ____, we’ll visit the museum instead.
A. you have; will rain B. you will have; will rain
C. you will have; rains D. will you have; rains
6. I really don’t know if she ____ it when she ____.
A. finds; arrives B. finds; will arrive C. will find; will arrive D. will find; arrives
[Key:1.C 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.D]
一、考查引导词(that, if, whether和特殊疑问词)
宾语从句的引导词that后面接陈述句。例如：
He said that he could help me with my English.
if和whether引导原来是一般疑问句的宾语从句。例如：
Our teacher asked if you had finished your homework.
特殊疑问词引导原来是特殊疑问句的宾语从句。例如：
Can you tell me how I can get to your school?
1. I followed him to see ____ he was going, and I was very surprised when he went into the police station.(江西省)
A. how B. where C. why D. whether
解析：从句子的后半句可以看出是用表示地点的特殊疑问词where，本题的A、B、C三个选项都是特殊疑问词，how表示方式，where表示地点，why表示原因；D项whether表示是否。从全句的语言环境和句子的意思可以判断where符合题意，故选B。
2. We haven’t decided ____. (广东省)
A. that we take a field trip B. how we take a field trip
C. who we’ll take a field trip D. if we will take a field trip tomorrow
解析：从句子的前半句We haven’t decided 可以看出是“我们还没有决定是否……”，that引导的宾语从句是陈述句，how表示方式，who表示是谁，与句子中的we矛盾。所以根据全句可以判断应该用if引导的宾语从句，故选D。
3. “Could you tell me ____?” “Glad to help.” （锦州市）
A. if I have been to the Great Wall B. where did he study
C. how I can get to the station D. what’s your name
解析：A项if引导的宾语从句与第二句的回答不一致；B项where引导的宾语从句没有用陈述语序；D项what引导的宾语从句与答语不符；从后面的答语Glad to help.可以看出，特殊疑问词how引导的宾语从句符合题意，故选C。
二、考查语序
if/whether和特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，不再使用一般疑问语序和特殊疑问语序，要用陈述语序。例如：
1. Can you tell me which floor ____? (山西省)
A. does he live on B. he lives in C. does he live in D. he lives on
解析：特殊疑问词which引导的宾语从句要用陈述语序，也就是“主语+谓语”的句式。特殊疑问句Which floor does he live on?在宾语从句中用陈述语序就不需要用助动词does，所以直接用which floor he lives on。本题B，D两个选项都是陈述语序，但住在几层楼上要用介词on，故选D。
2. “Could you tell me ____ to go to Hainan by air?” “Just a minute, please. I have to check my computer.”(黄山市)
A. how much does it cost B. how much did it cost
C. how much it cost D. how much it costs
解析：特殊疑问句How much does it cost to go to Hainan by air? 在宾语从句中要用陈述语序，不需要用助动词does，直接是how much it costs to go to Hainan by air，本题C、D两个选项都是陈述语序，但本句中的could不是过去式，而是表示比can更加委婉的情态动词，后面不需要用过去时，故选D。
3. Could you tell me ____? I want to post a letter.(浙江省)
A. where is the post office B. where the post office is
C. how can I get to the cinema D. how I can get to the cinema
解析：本题所给的四个选项中B和D都是陈述语序，但是本题的后一句是I want to post a letter. 可以看出前一句是问Could you tell me where the post office is? 故选B。
注意：表示疑问的宾语从句需要用陈述句语序，但个别宾语从句本应运用陈述句语序，但由于习惯而仍保持原疑问句语序不变。例如：
I don’t know what is the matter with him. 我不知道他怎么了。
三、考查时态
宾语从句的时态要和主句的时态保持一致。如果主句是一般现在时，宾语从句可以根据说话的情况选择不同的时态。如果主句是一般过去时，宾语从句要用相应的过去时态。例如：
1. Our head teacher saw the empty seat next to me and asked ____. (山东省)
A. where has Jeff gone B. where did Jeff go
C. where Jeff has been D. where Jeff had gone
解析：主句的asked是一般过去时态，所以宾语从句要用过去完成时，同时还要注意用陈述语序。根据本句的语境the empty seat next to me说明我旁边的人不在这里，应该用had gone，故选D。
2. Do you want to know ____ in the future? A special mirror invented by the French scientists can help you. (莱芜市)
A. what you will look like B. what will you look like
C. how do you look like D. how you look like
解析：主句是一般现在时，所以从句要根据说话的实际情况选择时态，由…in the future可以判断应该用一般将来时。同时还要注意宾语从句的陈述语序，综合考虑应该选择A。
四、如果主句使用Could you tell me…?并不都是一般过去时
could是can的过去式。但在表示比较委婉的语言环境中could不再是can的过去式，它后面的从句不需要用相应的过去时态。例如：
1. “Could you please tell me ____?” “I live in Yan’an.” (陕西省)
A. where do you live B. where were you born
C. where you live D. where you were born
2. “Excuse me, could you tell me ____?” “Sorry, I’m new here, too.”(浙江省)
A. where is the nearest bank B. how can I get to the bank
C. which the way is to the bank D. is there a bank near here
3. “Could you tell me ____?” “Sorry, I don’t know. You can ask the policeman over there.”(哈尔滨市)
A. where the science museum is B. how can I get to the science museum
C. where is the science museum
解析：以上三个例句，其主句Could you tell me…? 表示一种委婉语气，所以后面的宾语从句不需要用相应的过去时态。但是，都必须用陈述语序。所以答案为：1.C；2.C；3.A。
但是如果could表示过去或者句子有明确的表示过去的时间状语，那么宾语从句要用相应的过去时态。例如：
1. “Could you tell me what _____ this time yesterday?” “Er, I was reading in my office.”(扬州市)
A. are you doing B. you are doing C. were you doing D. you were doing
2. “Could you tell me ____?” “Yes. To take back my dictionary.”(南通市)
A. why did you come here B. when do you come here
C. why you came here D. when you come here
解析：这两个题主句是could you tell me，但是，第一个例句的宾语从句有明确的表示过去时间的this time yesterday，所以要用相应的过去时态，根据所给句子的意思应该用过去进行时，又要用陈述语序，故选D。
第二个例句，从问句上很难判断时态。但是，答语To take back my dictionary. 表示目的，所以应该问为什么来这里，从所给的四个选项中可以看出A和C是特殊疑问词why引导的宾语从句，又要考虑语序，所以选择C。
五、如果宾语从句表示客观真理，不论主句时态如何，都要用一般现在时
例如：Our teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.
解析：尽管主句是our teacher said，是一般过去时，但是宾语从句是客观真理，所以要用一般现在时。
六、if引导的从句
if引导的宾语从句和状语从句一定要区分开。if引导的宾语从句经常用一般将来时，而if引导的状语从句经常用一般现在时。例如：
——I wonder if she ____ to the ball.
——She is sure to come if she ____ time tonight. (江苏省)
A. comes; has B. will come; will have C. comes; will have D. will come; has
解析：本题主要考查if引导的从句用法。第一句中的if在动词wonder后面，它引导的从句是宾语从句，主句是一般现在时，从句所表示的动作还没有发生，所以用一般将来时；第二句中的if引导的是条件状语从句，if引导的条件状语从句经常用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。故选D。
【试题精练】
1. I can’t understand ____ the boy alone.
A. why she leave B. why did she leave C. why she had left D. why had she left
2. She told me the sun ____ in the east.
A. rise B. rose C. rises D. had risen
3. I don’t know ____ up so early last Sunday.
A. why did he get B. why he gets C. why does he get D. why he got
4. The manager came up to see ____.
A. what was the matter B. what the matter was
C. what the matter is D. what’s the matter
5. ——Mike wants to know if ____ a picnic tomorrow.
——Yes. But if it ____, we’ll visit the museum instead.
A. you have; will rain B. you will have; will rain
C. you will have; rains D. will you have; rains
6. I really don’t know if she ____ it when she ____.
A. finds; arrives B. finds; will arrive C. will find; will arrive D. will find; arrives
[Key:1.C 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.D]