为了懂得不发达国家的经济问题,人们需要发展一套新的本能的假设——这种假设既不相当于我们所谓的“充分就业”,也不相当于我们所认为的萧条情况。这篇文章致力于考察或许是有关不发达国家的最重要的问题,即“为什么每人的收入水平这样低,阻碍它较快上升的原因是什么——或者更肯定地说,为加速上升,应当怎么办,谁来办?”把区别印度这样的不发达国家和发达的西方国家的主要因素加以概括,并进一步说明人们应当暗中作出既不相当于“充分就业”也不相当于“萧条情况”的假设是有益的出发点。虽然劳动力很丰富,但障碍却在于需求的普遍增加并不导致产量的普遍增加,因为需要其他“协作要素”即资本——实际资本设备来同劳动一道发生作用。但事事都归因于资本缺乏,遭到有力的反对:有时它把问题夸大了,有时又把问题看得太容易了。不过,在不发达国家的发展中,增加实际固定资产的量,显然是极端重要的要素。不发达国家与正常的发达国家根本不同的方面,是它需要的很多资本品,如果要全部获得的话,必须来自国外。这意味着发展计划可能造成外汇的缺乏。人们不能采取借钱或印钞票的表面上有吸引力的方法来从事投资,并依赖增殖者产生必要的储蓄。如果不发达国家用创造出来的货币进行大量的资本支出,并运用输入管制等来阻止这种资本支出导致支付平衡的巨额赤字,说不定会发生通货膨胀。不发达国家转变为有较高生产力和较高实际收入的国家,这一过程一般包括创造一种更为复杂的经济,其中生产单位更为相互依存,以及因此成立一种机构,以保证原料、动力和其他输入品的适当流入,和其产品的适当流出到市场。这至少需要就最广泛意义而论的政府机构的某些效能标准。在象印度这样贫困得厉害的国家中,会易于发展对任何财产权利制度的漠视,这将使有秩序的发展成为不可能。没有一个国家有“权利”要求外债,更不必说补助了。但我非常希望发达国家(并不全是西方国家)会决定作出有用的必要援助,并且我更希望,它们会记住贸易的便利至少同援助一样重要。 In order to understand the economic problems of underdeveloped countries, one needs to develop a new set of instinctive assumptions - neither assumption of what we call “full employment” nor what we think is a depression. This article is perhaps devoted to examining perhaps the most important question about underdeveloped countries, namely, “why each person’s income level is so low, what hinder it from rising faster - or more certain, to speed up the rise, What should be done and who should do it? ”Summarized the major factors that differentiated underdeveloped countries such as India from the developed western countries and further explained that people should secretly make statements that are neither“ full employment nor equivalent to ”depression The assumption is a helpful starting point. The obstacle, though rich in labor, is that the general increase in demand does not result in a general increase in output as other “components of collaboration”, capital-real capital equipment, are needed to work together with labor. But everything is attributed to a lack of capital, with strong opposition: Sometimes it exaggerates the problem and at times makes the problem too easy. However, increasing the volume of real fixed assets in underdeveloped countries is clearly an extremely important element. The fundamentally different aspect of the underdeveloped countries from the normal developed countries is that it needs a lot of capital goods and, if it is to be fully procured, it must come from abroad. This means that the development plan may result in a lack of foreign exchange. People can not take an apparently attractive approach of borrowing money or printing money and rely on proliferators to generate the savings they need. Inflation may well occur if the underdeveloped countries make large capital expenditures in the currency they create and use input controls to prevent such capital expenditures from leading to huge balances of payments. The transformation of underdeveloped countries into countries with higher productivity and higher real income generally involves the creation of a more complex economy in which production units are more interdependent and as a result an institution is established to ensure that raw materials, Proper inflow of power and other inputs, and the proper outflow of their products into the market. This requires at least some of the performance standards of government agencies in the broadest sense. In countries such as India, where poverty is so great, the disregard for any system of property rights can easily develop, making orderly development impossible. No country has “rights” to demand foreign debt, let alone subsidies. But I very much hope that the developed countries (which are not all Western countries) will decide to make the necessary and necessary assistance, and I even hope that they will remember that trade facilitation is at least as important as aid.