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一从1864年太平天国革命失败,到1894年中日甲午战争爆发,这是中国近代史上以“洋务”为中心的历史时期,一般称之为“洋务运动”。“洋务”二字,似乎由“夷务”二字演化而来,是与外洋有关的一切事务。倡导洋务运动的,是由部分王公贵族、地方督抚、买办商人、地主士绅和知识分子组成的洋务派别。决定洋务运动性质和方向的,是其中的满汉军政要员,如奕訢、奕譞、文祥、曾国藩、左宗棠、李鸿章、张之洞等。这些军政要员虽然出身、阅历、权势和识见不尽相同,但在阶级立场和政治观点等方面却基本
From the failure of the Taiping Revolution in 1864 to the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, this was the historical period centered on “Westernization” in modern Chinese history and was generally called the “Westernization Movement.” The word “Westernization” seems to have evolved from the word “Yiwu” and is all the affairs related to the outside world. The Westernization Movement, which advocates the Westernization Movement, is composed of some kings and nobles, local governors, compradors, landlord gentry and intellectuals. The nature and direction of the Westernization Movement is one of the most influential military and political officials in the Manchus and Chinese, such as Yi Xin, Yi Xuan, Wen Xiang, Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang, Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong. Although these military and government officials have different backgrounds in their origin, experience, power and knowledge, they are basically in terms of class standpoints and political views