The concept of magnetic resonance perfusion-diffusion mismatch(PDM) provides a practical and approximate measure of the tissue at risk and has been increasingly applied for the evaluation of hyperacute and acute stroke in animals and patients.Recent studies demonstrated that PDM does not optimally define the ischemic penumbra;because early abnormality on diffusion-weighted imaging overestimates the infarct core by including part of the penumbra,and the abnormality on perfusion weighted imaging overestimates the penumbra by including regions of benign oligemia.To overcome these limitations,many efforts have been made to optimize conventional PDM.Various alternatives beyond the PDM concept are under investigation in order to better define the penumbra.The PDM theory has been applied in ischemic stroke for at least three purposes:to be used as a practical selection tool for stroke treatment;to test the hypothesis that patients with PDM pattern will benefit from treatment,while those without mismatch pattern will not;to be a surrogate measure for stroke outcome.The main patterns of PDM and its relation with clinical outcomes were also briefly reviewed.The conclusion was that patients with PDM documented more reperfusion,reduced infarct growth and better clinical outcomes compared to patients without PDM,but it was not yet clear that thrombolytic therapy is beneficial when patients were selected on PDM.Studies based on a larger cohort are currently under investigation to further validate the PDM hypothesis. The concept of magnetic resonance perfusion-diffusion mismatch (PDM) provides a practical and approximate measure of the tissue at risk and has been increasingly applied for the evaluation of hyperacute and acute stroke in animals and patients. Revenue studies said that PDM does not optimally define the ischemic penumbra; because of early abnormality on diffusion-weighted imaging overestimates the infarct core by including part of the penumbra, and the abnormality on perfusion weighted imaging overestimates the penumbra by including regions of benign oligemia. To overcome these limitations, many efforts have been made to optimize conventional PDM.Various alternatives beyond the PDM concept are under investigation in order to better define the penumbra.The PDM theory has been applied in ischemic stroke for at least three purposes: to be used as a practical selection tool for stroke treatment; to test the hypothesis that patients with PDM pattern will benefit from treatment, while those witho ut mismatch pattern will not; to be a surrogate measure for stroke outcome and the main patterns of PDM and its relation with clinical outcomes were also periodic reviewed. the conclusion was that patients with PDM documented more reperfusion, reduced infarct growth and better clinical outcomes? to patients without PDM, but it was not yet clear that thrombolytic therapy is beneficial when the patients were selected on PDM. Based on a larger cohort are currently under investigation to validate the PDM hypothesis.