语言交际是一个由交际双方共同进行的对等的活动,说话人按听话人的理解能力来说话。听话人也按说话人的表达意图来听话,交际活动才能顺畅进行。但成人——孩子的交际活动,实际上是一种倾斜的活动。首先,参加交际双方的年龄、知识、心理、能力是不对等的。孩子童心纯真,用一颗赤子之心来交谈;而成人阅历丰富,用理智来对待这种交谈。其次,交际双方的交谈目的也是不对等的。成人和孩子说话,可能是要教育、管束孩子;而孩子找成人说话,多半是表达思想,倾诉感情。即孩子要的是沟通,而不是管教。由于这两方面的不对等,成人的言语行为和孩子的言语行为容易发生“错位”。常见的情况有: 1.成人的回答和孩子提问的动机不合。比如,孩子问:“火车跑得很快是吗?”大部分父母都会抓住这个时机,讲授蒸汽机、内燃机和速度之类的知识。这 Language communication is a peer-to-peer activity conducted jointly by both communicators. The speaker speaks according to his or her ability to understand the speaker. Listeners are obedient to the speaker’s intention of expression, communication activities can be carried out smoothly. But adult - children’s communicative activities, in fact, is a sloping activity. First of all, the age, knowledge, psychology and ability of participating in communication are not equal. Child innocence, with a naive heart to talk; and adults rich experience, with reason to treat such conversations. Second, the purpose of the conversation between the two parties is not equal. Adults and children to talk may be to educate and discipline children; and children to talk to adults, mostly to express their thoughts, talk about feelings. That is, children need communication, not discipline. Due to these two aspects of non-equality, adult speech acts and children’s speech acts prone to “misplaced.” Common situations are: 1. Adult’s answer and the child’s motivation to ask different. For example, the child asks: “Is the train running fast?” Most parents will seize this opportunity to teach about steam engines, internal combustion engines and speed. This