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Objective:To investigate the efficacy of Aidi Injection(艾迪注射液) on overexpression of P-glycoprotein(P-gp) induced by vinorelbine and cisplatin(NP) regimen in patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC), and study the difference between intravenous administration and targeting intratumor administration of Aidi Injection with thoracoscope. Methods:Totally 150 patients with NSCLC were randomly assigned to the control group, the intravenous group and the intratumor group by the random envelope method, 50 cases in each group. The patients were treated with NP regimen(2 cycles), NP regimen(2 cycles) plus Aidi intravenous injection, or NP regimen(2 cycles) plus Aidi intratumor injection with thoracoscope, respectively for 6 weeks. The clinical efficacy was observed based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(RECIST) rules, the expression of P-gp in the tumor tissue was tested before, 3 and 6 weeks after treatment, the safety was evaluated by monitoring the toxicity in the process of treatment, and the progressionfree survival(PFS) was measured. Results:Fifteen cases dropped out because of the irreconcilable conditions which had no relationship with the treatment, 4 in the control group, 5 in the intravenous group, and 6 in the intratumor group, respectively. Compared with the control group, the response rates(complete remission + partial response) and the disease control rates(complete remission + partial response + stable disease) were significantly higher, the P-gp expressions were significantly decreased after 3 and 6 weeks of treatment, and the Kaplan-Meier survival curves of PFS were significantly longer in the intravenous and intratumor groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the intratumor group showed better effects than the intravenous group(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the occurrences of rash, nausea and leukocytopenia were significantly decreased in the intravenous and intratumor groups(P<0.05), but without significant difference between the intravenous and intratumor groups(P>0.05). Conclusion:Aidi Injection not only improves the efficacy of NP regime, but also has the function of reducing adverse events and preventing against overexpression of P-gp induced by chemotherapy of NP regimen.