论文部分内容阅读
一､熟悉议论文体裁特点
议论文通常由论点､论据､论证过程和结论四部分构成。为了突出写作目的，议论文常在文章开头就提出论点，以便读者对作者观点有一个比较清晰的了解。提出论点之后，作者常提供论据来论证论点是否正确。作者可以用来论证的方法较多，最为常见的方法是正反论证，这样的论证思路清晰，观点明确，说服力强，震憾度高。论证结束之后作者常就论点是否正确提出明确结论，它体现作者的写作目的和文章的现实意义。
二､熟悉议论文命题特点
议论文常设置下列题型:
1.作者观点判断题
作者观点判断题往往考查考生对作者观点的理解，常以What does the author think of…? What is the author’s attitude toward…? What is the author’s opinion of…?为设问方式，解题时应认真阅读原文尤其是首节与末节，从文章的论点与结论中推断作者对某事的情感和态度。
2.作者行为原因判断题
作者行为原因判断题常考查考生对作者特定行为理由的判断。这种试题常以Why does the author…?或Why doesn’t the author…?为设问方式。解题时应结合作者对特定现象的个人看法，认真阅读分析原文，从而巧妙推断作者作为与不作为的原因。
3.论证方法判断题
论证方法判断题主要考查考生对作者证明自己观点所使用论证方法的理解。常以The author presents his idea by ____ in the…paragraph. The author supports his idea by ____.或The author based his idea on ____.解题时应认真阅读作者的论证过程，分析其所用论证手段。由于议论文中作者往往会举例说明自己的观点，做这种试题常以The author presents his idea by asking questions for people to think about. 或The author supports his idea by raising questions for people to consider.为答案。
三､案例解读(2006年北京市高考英语阅读理解题C篇)
Why I don’t Spare “Spare Change”
“Poor but honest.” “The deserving(值得帮助的) poor.” These words always come to my mind when I think of “the poor”. But I also think of people who， perhaps through alcohol(酒) or drugs， have ruined not only their own lives but also the lives of others in order to give way to their own pleasure. Perhaps alcoholism and drug addiction(上瘾) really are “diseases” as many people say， but my own feeling—based， of course， not on any serious study—is that most alcoholics and drug addicts belong to the “undeserving poor”. And that is largely why I don’t give spare change to beggars.
But surely among the street people there are also some who can rightly be called “deserving”. Deserving what? My spare change? Or simple the government’s assistance? It happens that I have been brought up to believe that it is proper to make contributions to charity(慈善机构)， but if I give some change to a beggar， am I making a contribution to charity and thereby helping someone， or， am I perhaps simply encouraging someone not to get help? Or， maybe even worse， am I supporting a cheat?
If one believes in the value of private charity， one can either give to needy people or to charitable organizations. In giving to a beggar one may indeed be helping a person who badly needs help， but one cannot be certain that one is giving to a needy person. In giving to an organization， on the other hand， one can feel that one’s money is likely to be used wisely. True， facing a beggar one may feel that this particular unfortunate person needs help at this moment—a cup of coffee or a sandwich—and the need will not be met unless I put my hand in my pocket right now. But I have come to think that the beggars whom I meet can get along without my spare change， and indeed perhaps they are actually better off for not having money to buy alcohol or drugs.
I know nothing about these beggars， but it’s my impression that they simply prefer begging to working. I am not generalizing about street people. I am talking about the people whom I actually meet. That’s why I do not give “spare change”， and I don’t think I will in the future.
64. What does the author think of beggars who take drugs? ____.
A. They should be given a check-up
B. They really need money to live
C. They have no pleasure in life
D. They are not worth helping
析:D作者观点判断题。由原文第一节most alcoholics and drug addicts belong to the “undeserving poor”. And that is largely why I don’t give spare change to beggars.可以推断出作者认为吸毒者害人害己，不值得帮助。
65. Why doesn’t the author give money to street people? ____.
A. He doesn’t think they need help
B. He doesn’t have enough money to give
C. He is not convinced they will use it rightly
D. He believes they can get help from the government
析:C作者行为原因判断题。由原文第三节But I have come to think that the beggars whom I meet can get along without my spare change， and indeed perhaps they are actually better off for not having money to buy alcohol or drugs.可以推断出作者不给街上乞讨的人钱是因为不相信他们会适当地使用所讨之钱。
66. In the second paragraph， the author presents his idea by ____.
A. asking questions for people to think about
B. giving examples to support his argument
C. raising questions and answering them
D. expressing his opinions directly
析:A论证方法判断题。由原文第二节It happens that I have been brought up to believe that it is proper to make contributions to charity(慈善机构)， but if I give some change to a beggar， am I making a contribution to charity and thereby helping someone， or， am I perhaps simply encouraging someone not to get help? Or， maybe even worse， am I supporting a cheat?作者所问的一系列问题可以推断出作者是通过提问题让读者思考来论证自己的观点的。
议论文通常由论点､论据､论证过程和结论四部分构成。为了突出写作目的，议论文常在文章开头就提出论点，以便读者对作者观点有一个比较清晰的了解。提出论点之后，作者常提供论据来论证论点是否正确。作者可以用来论证的方法较多，最为常见的方法是正反论证，这样的论证思路清晰，观点明确，说服力强，震憾度高。论证结束之后作者常就论点是否正确提出明确结论，它体现作者的写作目的和文章的现实意义。
二､熟悉议论文命题特点
议论文常设置下列题型:
1.作者观点判断题
作者观点判断题往往考查考生对作者观点的理解，常以What does the author think of…? What is the author’s attitude toward…? What is the author’s opinion of…?为设问方式，解题时应认真阅读原文尤其是首节与末节，从文章的论点与结论中推断作者对某事的情感和态度。
2.作者行为原因判断题
作者行为原因判断题常考查考生对作者特定行为理由的判断。这种试题常以Why does the author…?或Why doesn’t the author…?为设问方式。解题时应结合作者对特定现象的个人看法，认真阅读分析原文，从而巧妙推断作者作为与不作为的原因。
3.论证方法判断题
论证方法判断题主要考查考生对作者证明自己观点所使用论证方法的理解。常以The author presents his idea by ____ in the…paragraph. The author supports his idea by ____.或The author based his idea on ____.解题时应认真阅读作者的论证过程，分析其所用论证手段。由于议论文中作者往往会举例说明自己的观点，做这种试题常以The author presents his idea by asking questions for people to think about. 或The author supports his idea by raising questions for people to consider.为答案。
三､案例解读(2006年北京市高考英语阅读理解题C篇)
Why I don’t Spare “Spare Change”
“Poor but honest.” “The deserving(值得帮助的) poor.” These words always come to my mind when I think of “the poor”. But I also think of people who， perhaps through alcohol(酒) or drugs， have ruined not only their own lives but also the lives of others in order to give way to their own pleasure. Perhaps alcoholism and drug addiction(上瘾) really are “diseases” as many people say， but my own feeling—based， of course， not on any serious study—is that most alcoholics and drug addicts belong to the “undeserving poor”. And that is largely why I don’t give spare change to beggars.
But surely among the street people there are also some who can rightly be called “deserving”. Deserving what? My spare change? Or simple the government’s assistance? It happens that I have been brought up to believe that it is proper to make contributions to charity(慈善机构)， but if I give some change to a beggar， am I making a contribution to charity and thereby helping someone， or， am I perhaps simply encouraging someone not to get help? Or， maybe even worse， am I supporting a cheat?
If one believes in the value of private charity， one can either give to needy people or to charitable organizations. In giving to a beggar one may indeed be helping a person who badly needs help， but one cannot be certain that one is giving to a needy person. In giving to an organization， on the other hand， one can feel that one’s money is likely to be used wisely. True， facing a beggar one may feel that this particular unfortunate person needs help at this moment—a cup of coffee or a sandwich—and the need will not be met unless I put my hand in my pocket right now. But I have come to think that the beggars whom I meet can get along without my spare change， and indeed perhaps they are actually better off for not having money to buy alcohol or drugs.
I know nothing about these beggars， but it’s my impression that they simply prefer begging to working. I am not generalizing about street people. I am talking about the people whom I actually meet. That’s why I do not give “spare change”， and I don’t think I will in the future.
64. What does the author think of beggars who take drugs? ____.
A. They should be given a check-up
B. They really need money to live
C. They have no pleasure in life
D. They are not worth helping
析:D作者观点判断题。由原文第一节most alcoholics and drug addicts belong to the “undeserving poor”. And that is largely why I don’t give spare change to beggars.可以推断出作者认为吸毒者害人害己，不值得帮助。
65. Why doesn’t the author give money to street people? ____.
A. He doesn’t think they need help
B. He doesn’t have enough money to give
C. He is not convinced they will use it rightly
D. He believes they can get help from the government
析:C作者行为原因判断题。由原文第三节But I have come to think that the beggars whom I meet can get along without my spare change， and indeed perhaps they are actually better off for not having money to buy alcohol or drugs.可以推断出作者不给街上乞讨的人钱是因为不相信他们会适当地使用所讨之钱。
66. In the second paragraph， the author presents his idea by ____.
A. asking questions for people to think about
B. giving examples to support his argument
C. raising questions and answering them
D. expressing his opinions directly
析:A论证方法判断题。由原文第二节It happens that I have been brought up to believe that it is proper to make contributions to charity(慈善机构)， but if I give some change to a beggar， am I making a contribution to charity and thereby helping someone， or， am I perhaps simply encouraging someone not to get help? Or， maybe even worse， am I supporting a cheat?作者所问的一系列问题可以推断出作者是通过提问题让读者思考来论证自己的观点的。