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摘 要：文章将对近十年全国高考真题中that出现的次数及不同的用法进行一定的归纳和总结，以帮助考生更好地了解不同语境下的that的真面目。
关键词：英语教学；that；连词；代词
中图分类号：G633.41 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1008-3561（2015）33-0072-02
that一词对于任何一位英语学习者而言并不陌生，指示代词，“那，那个”，后跟可数名词单数或不可数名词，指时间或空间上的那个人或事物。可如此简单的that其用法可谓“变化多端”，在近十年来的全国高考中屡见不鲜，如下图所示。
从图可知，that之出现频率有上升之势，可见对其用法做进一步了解是十分必要的。
一、that充当指示代词
（2009海南）One of the most important questions they had ot consider was ____ of public health.
A.what B.this C.that D.which
解析：C为正确选项。句意为：他们需要考虑的最重要的问题之一就是公众健康。that相当于the question，即the 可数名词单数。
（2015天津）The quality of education in this small school is better than ___ in some larger schools.
A.that B.one C.it D.this
解析：A为正确选项。句意为：这所小学校的教学质量要比一些大的学校还要好。此处that指代前面的the qualification of education. 此处that相当于the quality， 即the 不可数名词。
二、that充当连词，引导名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句及同位语从句，that在从句中只起连接作用，不作任何成分。（注：只有在宾语从句中that才可以省略）
（2009天津）It is obvious to the students___they should get well prepared for their future.
A.as B.which C.whether D.that
解析：此题选D。句意为：显然，学生们应该为自己的将来做好充分准备。此题中it充当形式主语，真正主语为that引导的主语从句。
（2006湖南）With his work completed，the businessman stepped back to his seat，feeling pleased__ he was a man of action.
A.which B.that C.what D.whether
解析：此题选项为B。句意为：这位商人完成了自己的工作回到自己的位置上，一想到自己是个干实事的人就很知足。feeling pleased后接宾语从句，he was a man of action是个完整的句子，只缺连词that.
（2010北京）Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel，David Copperfield， was______ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
A.what B.that C.why D.whether
解析：此题选B。句意为：狄更斯喜欢自己的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》很大原因是因为这部小说融进了作者本人的许多生活经历。Was后面的句子不缺任何成分，故由that引导表语从句。
（2011天津）Modern science has given clear evidence_______ smoking can lead to many diseases.
A.what B.which C.that D.where
解析：此题选项为C。句意为：现代科学已经证明吸烟可以引发各种疾病。此时，evidence与其后面引导的句子是相等或并列关系，即后面的句子在解释说明前面的名词，语法上称为同位语从句，常见的这类名词有fact，news，idea，truth，suggestion等。
三、that充当关系代词，引导定语从句
（2010全国Ⅱ）I refuse to accept the blame for something ____ was someone else’s fault.
A.who B.that C.as D.what
解析：此题选B。当定语从句中的先行词是不定代词时，只能用that引导，在句中作主语。
四、that在强调句中的使用
强调句的结构为it is/was 被强调部分 that/who 其他成分，判断一个句子是否为强调句的标准就是将强调结构去掉后，剩余成分略作调整或不作调整仍然能组成一个语法结构完整的句子，即为强调句。（章振邦，2001）
（1）考查句型基本结构。（2015湖南）It was when we were returning home ___ I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble. A.which B.that C.where D.how
解析：选 B。将it is… that 去掉后，句子结构完成变为：when we were returning home，I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.
（2）考查强调句的特殊疑问句形式。（2006山东）I just wonder__ that makes him so excited.
A.why it does B.what he does C.how it is D.what it is
解析：选D。该句相当于I just wonder what makes him so excited.
（3）考查含有not...until句型的强调句式。（2009江西）It was ____he came back from Africa that year____he met the girl he would like to marry.
A.When；then B.not；until C.not until；that D.only；when
解析：此题选C，考查强调句式“not…until…”直到…才…，将强调句结构去掉后可调整为he did not meet the girl he would like to marry until he came back from Africa that year.句意完整，结构清晰，需要注意的是此时until后面的句子用陈述句语序，故选C。类似的例子今年的高考题中再次出现：（2015重庆）Bach died in 1750，but it was not until the early 19th century______ his musical gift was fully recognized.
A.while B.though C.that D.after.
解析：选C。此处强调部分为until引导的时间状语从句，否定词not前移，即not until的强调结构为：it is/was not until 从句/时间状语 that 剩余部分。
五、其他
that还可以与一些其他词连用构成固定短语，引导状语从句。如so that“为了…”（引导目的状语从句），so…that…“如此…以至于…”（引导结果状语从句）；in that因为…，在于…（引导原因状语从句），此时that用作连词，不充当任何成分。
（2008江西）Animals suffered at the hands of Man_____ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people.
A.In which B.for which C.so that D.in that
解析：选D。动物遭受人类的毒手在于它们被人类屠杀成为人类的盘中餐或因人类需要农业耕地而被赶出了自己的栖息地。
参考文献：
[1]章振邦.新编英语语法教程：第三版[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001.
[2]张艳红.小议高考试题中不同寻常的that[J].中小学外语教学，2011（05）.
关键词：英语教学；that；连词；代词
中图分类号：G633.41 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1008-3561（2015）33-0072-02
that一词对于任何一位英语学习者而言并不陌生，指示代词，“那，那个”，后跟可数名词单数或不可数名词，指时间或空间上的那个人或事物。可如此简单的that其用法可谓“变化多端”，在近十年来的全国高考中屡见不鲜，如下图所示。
从图可知，that之出现频率有上升之势，可见对其用法做进一步了解是十分必要的。
一、that充当指示代词
（2009海南）One of the most important questions they had ot consider was ____ of public health.
A.what B.this C.that D.which
解析：C为正确选项。句意为：他们需要考虑的最重要的问题之一就是公众健康。that相当于the question，即the 可数名词单数。
（2015天津）The quality of education in this small school is better than ___ in some larger schools.
A.that B.one C.it D.this
解析：A为正确选项。句意为：这所小学校的教学质量要比一些大的学校还要好。此处that指代前面的the qualification of education. 此处that相当于the quality， 即the 不可数名词。
二、that充当连词，引导名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句及同位语从句，that在从句中只起连接作用，不作任何成分。（注：只有在宾语从句中that才可以省略）
（2009天津）It is obvious to the students___they should get well prepared for their future.
A.as B.which C.whether D.that
解析：此题选D。句意为：显然，学生们应该为自己的将来做好充分准备。此题中it充当形式主语，真正主语为that引导的主语从句。
（2006湖南）With his work completed，the businessman stepped back to his seat，feeling pleased__ he was a man of action.
A.which B.that C.what D.whether
解析：此题选项为B。句意为：这位商人完成了自己的工作回到自己的位置上，一想到自己是个干实事的人就很知足。feeling pleased后接宾语从句，he was a man of action是个完整的句子，只缺连词that.
（2010北京）Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel，David Copperfield， was______ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
A.what B.that C.why D.whether
解析：此题选B。句意为：狄更斯喜欢自己的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》很大原因是因为这部小说融进了作者本人的许多生活经历。Was后面的句子不缺任何成分，故由that引导表语从句。
（2011天津）Modern science has given clear evidence_______ smoking can lead to many diseases.
A.what B.which C.that D.where
解析：此题选项为C。句意为：现代科学已经证明吸烟可以引发各种疾病。此时，evidence与其后面引导的句子是相等或并列关系，即后面的句子在解释说明前面的名词，语法上称为同位语从句，常见的这类名词有fact，news，idea，truth，suggestion等。
三、that充当关系代词，引导定语从句
（2010全国Ⅱ）I refuse to accept the blame for something ____ was someone else’s fault.
A.who B.that C.as D.what
解析：此题选B。当定语从句中的先行词是不定代词时，只能用that引导，在句中作主语。
四、that在强调句中的使用
强调句的结构为it is/was 被强调部分 that/who 其他成分，判断一个句子是否为强调句的标准就是将强调结构去掉后，剩余成分略作调整或不作调整仍然能组成一个语法结构完整的句子，即为强调句。（章振邦，2001）
（1）考查句型基本结构。（2015湖南）It was when we were returning home ___ I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble. A.which B.that C.where D.how
解析：选 B。将it is… that 去掉后，句子结构完成变为：when we were returning home，I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.
（2）考查强调句的特殊疑问句形式。（2006山东）I just wonder__ that makes him so excited.
A.why it does B.what he does C.how it is D.what it is
解析：选D。该句相当于I just wonder what makes him so excited.
（3）考查含有not...until句型的强调句式。（2009江西）It was ____he came back from Africa that year____he met the girl he would like to marry.
A.When；then B.not；until C.not until；that D.only；when
解析：此题选C，考查强调句式“not…until…”直到…才…，将强调句结构去掉后可调整为he did not meet the girl he would like to marry until he came back from Africa that year.句意完整，结构清晰，需要注意的是此时until后面的句子用陈述句语序，故选C。类似的例子今年的高考题中再次出现：（2015重庆）Bach died in 1750，but it was not until the early 19th century______ his musical gift was fully recognized.
A.while B.though C.that D.after.
解析：选C。此处强调部分为until引导的时间状语从句，否定词not前移，即not until的强调结构为：it is/was not until 从句/时间状语 that 剩余部分。
五、其他
that还可以与一些其他词连用构成固定短语，引导状语从句。如so that“为了…”（引导目的状语从句），so…that…“如此…以至于…”（引导结果状语从句）；in that因为…，在于…（引导原因状语从句），此时that用作连词，不充当任何成分。
（2008江西）Animals suffered at the hands of Man_____ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people.
A.In which B.for which C.so that D.in that
解析：选D。动物遭受人类的毒手在于它们被人类屠杀成为人类的盘中餐或因人类需要农业耕地而被赶出了自己的栖息地。
参考文献：
[1]章振邦.新编英语语法教程：第三版[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001.
[2]张艳红.小议高考试题中不同寻常的that[J].中小学外语教学，2011（05）.