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Abstract The plant resources of Chaohu Lake coast， Binhu Wetland Park， Xiaoyaojin Park and other places along Dongpu Reservoir surrounding Hefei Botanical Garden were investigated， from which 70 species of wild water??wet herbs with promising application prospects were selected. These wild wet??water herbs are a dominant group that adapts to local growth through long??term natural selection. They have strong resistance， low maintenance cost and broad application prospects. However， at present， these plants are basically in the natural growth state， and have not been developed artificially. This study aims to provide reference for the design of wetland parks and to show the local characteristics of Hefei through the investigation of wild water??wet herbs in Hefei area.
Key words Wild water??wet herbs； Hefei； Wetland parks
Hefei City （31??31??-32??37?? N， 116??40??-117??52?? E）， which is situated in the middle of Anhui Province， is the transitional area of the subtropical monsoon humid climate zone and the intersection of north and south plants. In Hefei， annual average precipitation is 982.6 mm， and annual average sunshine duration is 2 218 h， while annual average evaporation is 835 mm. Rich precipitation forms lakes and water systems of different sizes. Hefei is located in the northern subtropics and adjacent to the warm temperate zone in the north. It is located in the Jianghuai hilly area and belongs to the Chaohu Basin of the Yangtze River.
Wetlands， forests and oceans， which are called the world??s three major ecosystems， have an irreplaceable ecological function of other ecosystems in maintaining water resources， purifying water quality， storing floods and preventing drought， regulating climate and maintaining biodiversity， and are known as "the kidney of the earth". According to a survey， the area of wetlands in Anhui Province is 29 188.04 million m2， accounting for 0.21% of the province??s land area[1]. There are five key wetlands in the province. The area of wetlands in Hefei ranks second in the province， second only to Anqing City， and they have an important strategic position in the wetlands of the province and even the country.
In August 2014， Hefei Forestry and Landscape Bureau completed the preparation of Development Plan of Wetland Parks in Hefei City （2013-2030）[2]. According to the plan， the overall goal of wetland parks is to build a wetland park system consisting of various types of wetland parks at the national， provincial， municipal， district and county levels in Hefei City in 2030， and the total number will reach 26. In 2018， Hefei is vigorously promoting the pilot construction of five national wetland parks （Feixi Sanhe， Chaohu Peninsula， Feidong Guanwan， Luyang Dongpu and Chaohu Lakeside）[3]. Besides， Hefei will also promote the pilot declaration of three provincial wetland parks （Maweihe and Qifengzhou in Lujiang and Changlinhe in Feidong） and two municipal wetland parks （Yudaihe in Feidong and Bird Island in Duji of Changfeng）. Investigation of plant resources
The construction of a park originates from nature and is higher than nature. It is necessary to create a rich ecological community and beautiful landscape effect and reflect the characteristics of local ecological resources. Therefore， the application of native plants is indispensable. Wild water??wet herbs refer to the wild herbaceous plants mainly growing in a wet environment in Hefei area. These plants are mostly hygrophilous. Although they are not as dazzling as some cultivars， they also play a vital role in the slope protection of wetlands. They grow most vigorously around the natural slopes of large waters where there is a lack of management.
Since 2016， the plant resources of Chaohu Lake coast， Tangxihe Park， Binhu Wetland Park and other places along Dongpu Reservoir in Hefei have been investigated. It is found that the herbaceous plants along the wetlands are mainly heliophilous plants， which is related to the open water and opulent sunshine. However， if there are trees in the vicinity of the water， shade plants are also rich. There are more than 100 species of wild herbaceous plants. After some species with similar ornamental characteristics and ecological types are excluded， 70 species of wild water??wet herbs with strong adaptability， high ornamental value and easy to breed are selected[4-7] （Table 1）. These plants are rich in ecological types and have strong adaptability. They have not been developed and applied on large scale. Although their ornamental characteristics are not as rich as cultivars， they are as a good foil and supplement， and they are basically wild in the water environment and its surrounding areas in Hefei.
Several problems that need to be emphasized in the application of wild water??wet herbs in landscaping
Wild water??wet plants should be applied in accordance with their ecological habits
According to the lifestyle of aquatic plants， they are generally divided into emergent plants， floating plants， submerged plants， fully floating plants and wet plants. Among emergent plants， A. donax， T. sacchariflora， T. orientalis， I. dichotoma， and so on can be planted in a large area in deep water areas to form a wave??eliminating protective belt. In shallow water areas， they can also be planted in clusters to form a landscape. Meanwhile， the former is the favorite hiding place for birds. As floating plants， N. peltatum and T. incisa can be planted in shallow water areas to attract otters and other waterfowls to lay eggs. Even E. crassipes and Pistia stratiotes， which are used as invasive plants， have very good viewing effect under reasonable guidance and properly control of its growth area， and they can also purify water quality. Among submerged plants， C. demersum， P. malaianus and V. natans are reasonably guided to grow in shallow and static water areas， and the areas will become good places for fish and frogs to lay eggs. There is only a species of wild fully floating plants， namely M. quadrifolia. When it grows in water， a part of plants are taken out in the overgrowth season to guide its contiguous growth and control the water surface properly. From shallow water areas to marsh， S. trifolia， Heleocharis migoana， I. dichotoma and other plants with unique leaves and flowers in shape can be used for landscaping. From marsh to dry slope banks， wet plants are dominant， and their species are also the most abundant. A. indica， which is 1.2 m in height， is an annual subshrub and appears in great numbers. The ornamental characteristics of their leaves， flowers and fruit are good， similar to Lythrum salicaria， and it has a good application prospect on the shore of wetlands. The leaves and fruit of P. frutescens， P. orintale， R. japonicus， C. benghalensis， A. indica， C. difformis， etc. have good ornamental value. H. sibthorpioides and G. longgituba， which grow near the ground， have good coverage in marsh wetlands and have strong growth ability. Agricultural Biotechnology 2018The reasonable combination of wild water??wet plants and introduced plants should be paid attention to
Any plant has an ecological environment suitable for its growth. Wild plants are the dominant group that adapts to local growth after long??term natural selection. In plant landscaping， rational allocation of plants can not only create a rich landscape level， but also maximize its ecological benefits. In the landscaping of wetland parks， ornamental effect is paid particular emphasis on， and wild water??wet herbs are slightly inferior in this respect. In the process of plant configuration， the introduced cultivated plants are used as the finishing touch， and wild plants can be planted around them. The color??leaf plants such as P. frutescens and P. orintale are good choices. Under the Metasequoia glyptostroboides forest and Taxodium ascendens Brongn. forest on the water shore， C. benghalensis， C. communis， A. aequalis， H. sibthorpioides， L. chinensis， G. carolinianum and other plants liking dank environment are all good choices. Although annual herbs can not be viewed throughout the year， these wild plants are relatively extensive in management， and have good clustering and landscape effect. As long as they are not eradicated， their seeds can naturally sprout and grow in the next year.
Wild water??wet herbs should be planted according to local conditions
Hefei City is making efforts to build an ecological lakeside city. Only the shoreline of Chaohu Lake in Hefei is 54 km in length. The ground cover plants along the coastline are basically wild， and the species of wild plants are abundant. These plants also play an important role in the process of slope protection on the shoreline of Chaohu Lake. However， in the development of Binhu New District， a large amount of sewage has been inevitably discharged into Chaohu Lake. From 2008 onwards， Hefei plans to solve the problem of water pollution in Chaohu Lake through comprehensive， systematic and scientific management in 20 years， restore the appearance of Chaohu Lake， and realize a virtuous cycle of ecology of Chaohu Lake. At present， there are five projects in wetland construction and ecological restoration[8]， including the construction project of the wetland park in Modian Township， constructed wetland project in the circular economy demonstration park in Hefei City， the construction of the ecological wetland reserve on the west bank of Chaohu Lake in Feixi County， Ecological restoration and reconstruction of Nanyan Lake and Feicui Lake， and the wetland ecological project of Gangji Town， Changfeng County. Ecological restoration means using the rich sediment of Chaohu Lake to form a wetland around the lake， and creating aquatic plants and wave??breaking forests in the wetlands that are often exposed. For Chaohu Lake， its surface and wind waves are large， and the water level has a certain amplitude， so some measures should be taken in the wetlands along Chaohu Lake from far to near as follows： eliminating waves （emergent plants）， hindering waves （wetland forests）， preventing waves （coastal forest） and preventing collapse （ecological slope protection）. For ecological wetlands， wild species with high ornamental value， extensive management and few pests and diseases should be chosen， and various wild aquatic plants should be rationally selected to create a wetland landscape. Hefei City is implementing wetland reclamation project construction in conjunction with shoreline wave resistance， and plans to restore reeds （with a depth of 50-200 m） and other lakeside wetlands. Heliophilous plants such as Cynodon dactylon （L.） Pers.， Pennisetum alopecuroides （L.） Spreng.， Kummerowia striata （Thunb.） Schindl.， and Kummerowia stipulacea （Maxim.） Makino are good choices for slope protection because of their resistance to stamping and good grouping. For the slope protection of river banks， A. donax or T. sacchariflora can be planted in a large area. As protective arbor forest belts on river banks， Sapium sebiferum （L.） Roxb.， Broussonetia papyrifera， Ligustrum lucidum， Platycarya strobilacea Sieb.et Zucc.， Ailanthus altissima （Mill.） Swingle， Melia azedarach L.， Wisteria sinensis （Sims） Sweet， etc. are all suitable wild species and resistant to extensive management. The protection of wild plants should be paid attention to during the process of maintenance
The green area of a park is large， and the requirements for careful maintenance are relatively high. There are a limited number of professional and technical personnel in the maintenance. They are mainly responsible for technical guidance in the maintenance process. The main maintenance work is mainly done by migrant workers， but they have not received professional garden knowledge training. In practice， they often remove some well??designed wild water??wet herbs as weeds， so it is necessary to strengthen the inspection and protection of technicians.
References
[1] ZHOU GY. Planning strategies on the protection of urban wetlands based upon the analysis of investigation results of Hefei City wetlands[J]. Urban Space Design， 2008（6）： 65-68. （in Chinese）.
[2] YANG B. Hefei will build seven national wetland parks[N]. Hefei Evening News， 2014-08-15. （in Chinese）.
[3] JU YY. Hefei has launched the "top ten parks" and other landscape projects[N]. Jianghuai Morning News， 2018-03-26. （in Chinese）.
[4] Anhui Flora Writing Group. Anhui flora （volume 2） [M]. Beijing： China Prospect Press，1986. （in Chinese）.
[5] Anhui Flora Writing Group. Anhui flora （volume 3） [M]. Beijing： China Prospect Press，1988. （in Chinese）.
[6] Anhui Flora Writing Group. Anhui flora （volume 4） [M]. Hefei： Anhui Science and Technology Press，1991. （in Chinese）.
[7] Anhui Flora Writing Group. Anhui flora （volume 5） [M]. Hefei： Anhui Science and Technology Press， 1992. （in Chinese）.
[8] JIAN YJ. Five major projects of Binhu ecological wetlands in Hefei for helping to slow down the eutrophication of Chaohu Lake[N]. Anhui Business Daily， 2008-09-23.
Key words Wild water??wet herbs； Hefei； Wetland parks
Hefei City （31??31??-32??37?? N， 116??40??-117??52?? E）， which is situated in the middle of Anhui Province， is the transitional area of the subtropical monsoon humid climate zone and the intersection of north and south plants. In Hefei， annual average precipitation is 982.6 mm， and annual average sunshine duration is 2 218 h， while annual average evaporation is 835 mm. Rich precipitation forms lakes and water systems of different sizes. Hefei is located in the northern subtropics and adjacent to the warm temperate zone in the north. It is located in the Jianghuai hilly area and belongs to the Chaohu Basin of the Yangtze River.
Wetlands， forests and oceans， which are called the world??s three major ecosystems， have an irreplaceable ecological function of other ecosystems in maintaining water resources， purifying water quality， storing floods and preventing drought， regulating climate and maintaining biodiversity， and are known as "the kidney of the earth". According to a survey， the area of wetlands in Anhui Province is 29 188.04 million m2， accounting for 0.21% of the province??s land area[1]. There are five key wetlands in the province. The area of wetlands in Hefei ranks second in the province， second only to Anqing City， and they have an important strategic position in the wetlands of the province and even the country.
In August 2014， Hefei Forestry and Landscape Bureau completed the preparation of Development Plan of Wetland Parks in Hefei City （2013-2030）[2]. According to the plan， the overall goal of wetland parks is to build a wetland park system consisting of various types of wetland parks at the national， provincial， municipal， district and county levels in Hefei City in 2030， and the total number will reach 26. In 2018， Hefei is vigorously promoting the pilot construction of five national wetland parks （Feixi Sanhe， Chaohu Peninsula， Feidong Guanwan， Luyang Dongpu and Chaohu Lakeside）[3]. Besides， Hefei will also promote the pilot declaration of three provincial wetland parks （Maweihe and Qifengzhou in Lujiang and Changlinhe in Feidong） and two municipal wetland parks （Yudaihe in Feidong and Bird Island in Duji of Changfeng）. Investigation of plant resources
The construction of a park originates from nature and is higher than nature. It is necessary to create a rich ecological community and beautiful landscape effect and reflect the characteristics of local ecological resources. Therefore， the application of native plants is indispensable. Wild water??wet herbs refer to the wild herbaceous plants mainly growing in a wet environment in Hefei area. These plants are mostly hygrophilous. Although they are not as dazzling as some cultivars， they also play a vital role in the slope protection of wetlands. They grow most vigorously around the natural slopes of large waters where there is a lack of management.
Since 2016， the plant resources of Chaohu Lake coast， Tangxihe Park， Binhu Wetland Park and other places along Dongpu Reservoir in Hefei have been investigated. It is found that the herbaceous plants along the wetlands are mainly heliophilous plants， which is related to the open water and opulent sunshine. However， if there are trees in the vicinity of the water， shade plants are also rich. There are more than 100 species of wild herbaceous plants. After some species with similar ornamental characteristics and ecological types are excluded， 70 species of wild water??wet herbs with strong adaptability， high ornamental value and easy to breed are selected[4-7] （Table 1）. These plants are rich in ecological types and have strong adaptability. They have not been developed and applied on large scale. Although their ornamental characteristics are not as rich as cultivars， they are as a good foil and supplement， and they are basically wild in the water environment and its surrounding areas in Hefei.
Several problems that need to be emphasized in the application of wild water??wet herbs in landscaping
Wild water??wet plants should be applied in accordance with their ecological habits
According to the lifestyle of aquatic plants， they are generally divided into emergent plants， floating plants， submerged plants， fully floating plants and wet plants. Among emergent plants， A. donax， T. sacchariflora， T. orientalis， I. dichotoma， and so on can be planted in a large area in deep water areas to form a wave??eliminating protective belt. In shallow water areas， they can also be planted in clusters to form a landscape. Meanwhile， the former is the favorite hiding place for birds. As floating plants， N. peltatum and T. incisa can be planted in shallow water areas to attract otters and other waterfowls to lay eggs. Even E. crassipes and Pistia stratiotes， which are used as invasive plants， have very good viewing effect under reasonable guidance and properly control of its growth area， and they can also purify water quality. Among submerged plants， C. demersum， P. malaianus and V. natans are reasonably guided to grow in shallow and static water areas， and the areas will become good places for fish and frogs to lay eggs. There is only a species of wild fully floating plants， namely M. quadrifolia. When it grows in water， a part of plants are taken out in the overgrowth season to guide its contiguous growth and control the water surface properly. From shallow water areas to marsh， S. trifolia， Heleocharis migoana， I. dichotoma and other plants with unique leaves and flowers in shape can be used for landscaping. From marsh to dry slope banks， wet plants are dominant， and their species are also the most abundant. A. indica， which is 1.2 m in height， is an annual subshrub and appears in great numbers. The ornamental characteristics of their leaves， flowers and fruit are good， similar to Lythrum salicaria， and it has a good application prospect on the shore of wetlands. The leaves and fruit of P. frutescens， P. orintale， R. japonicus， C. benghalensis， A. indica， C. difformis， etc. have good ornamental value. H. sibthorpioides and G. longgituba， which grow near the ground， have good coverage in marsh wetlands and have strong growth ability. Agricultural Biotechnology 2018The reasonable combination of wild water??wet plants and introduced plants should be paid attention to
Any plant has an ecological environment suitable for its growth. Wild plants are the dominant group that adapts to local growth after long??term natural selection. In plant landscaping， rational allocation of plants can not only create a rich landscape level， but also maximize its ecological benefits. In the landscaping of wetland parks， ornamental effect is paid particular emphasis on， and wild water??wet herbs are slightly inferior in this respect. In the process of plant configuration， the introduced cultivated plants are used as the finishing touch， and wild plants can be planted around them. The color??leaf plants such as P. frutescens and P. orintale are good choices. Under the Metasequoia glyptostroboides forest and Taxodium ascendens Brongn. forest on the water shore， C. benghalensis， C. communis， A. aequalis， H. sibthorpioides， L. chinensis， G. carolinianum and other plants liking dank environment are all good choices. Although annual herbs can not be viewed throughout the year， these wild plants are relatively extensive in management， and have good clustering and landscape effect. As long as they are not eradicated， their seeds can naturally sprout and grow in the next year.
Wild water??wet herbs should be planted according to local conditions
Hefei City is making efforts to build an ecological lakeside city. Only the shoreline of Chaohu Lake in Hefei is 54 km in length. The ground cover plants along the coastline are basically wild， and the species of wild plants are abundant. These plants also play an important role in the process of slope protection on the shoreline of Chaohu Lake. However， in the development of Binhu New District， a large amount of sewage has been inevitably discharged into Chaohu Lake. From 2008 onwards， Hefei plans to solve the problem of water pollution in Chaohu Lake through comprehensive， systematic and scientific management in 20 years， restore the appearance of Chaohu Lake， and realize a virtuous cycle of ecology of Chaohu Lake. At present， there are five projects in wetland construction and ecological restoration[8]， including the construction project of the wetland park in Modian Township， constructed wetland project in the circular economy demonstration park in Hefei City， the construction of the ecological wetland reserve on the west bank of Chaohu Lake in Feixi County， Ecological restoration and reconstruction of Nanyan Lake and Feicui Lake， and the wetland ecological project of Gangji Town， Changfeng County. Ecological restoration means using the rich sediment of Chaohu Lake to form a wetland around the lake， and creating aquatic plants and wave??breaking forests in the wetlands that are often exposed. For Chaohu Lake， its surface and wind waves are large， and the water level has a certain amplitude， so some measures should be taken in the wetlands along Chaohu Lake from far to near as follows： eliminating waves （emergent plants）， hindering waves （wetland forests）， preventing waves （coastal forest） and preventing collapse （ecological slope protection）. For ecological wetlands， wild species with high ornamental value， extensive management and few pests and diseases should be chosen， and various wild aquatic plants should be rationally selected to create a wetland landscape. Hefei City is implementing wetland reclamation project construction in conjunction with shoreline wave resistance， and plans to restore reeds （with a depth of 50-200 m） and other lakeside wetlands. Heliophilous plants such as Cynodon dactylon （L.） Pers.， Pennisetum alopecuroides （L.） Spreng.， Kummerowia striata （Thunb.） Schindl.， and Kummerowia stipulacea （Maxim.） Makino are good choices for slope protection because of their resistance to stamping and good grouping. For the slope protection of river banks， A. donax or T. sacchariflora can be planted in a large area. As protective arbor forest belts on river banks， Sapium sebiferum （L.） Roxb.， Broussonetia papyrifera， Ligustrum lucidum， Platycarya strobilacea Sieb.et Zucc.， Ailanthus altissima （Mill.） Swingle， Melia azedarach L.， Wisteria sinensis （Sims） Sweet， etc. are all suitable wild species and resistant to extensive management. The protection of wild plants should be paid attention to during the process of maintenance
The green area of a park is large， and the requirements for careful maintenance are relatively high. There are a limited number of professional and technical personnel in the maintenance. They are mainly responsible for technical guidance in the maintenance process. The main maintenance work is mainly done by migrant workers， but they have not received professional garden knowledge training. In practice， they often remove some well??designed wild water??wet herbs as weeds， so it is necessary to strengthen the inspection and protection of technicians.
References
[1] ZHOU GY. Planning strategies on the protection of urban wetlands based upon the analysis of investigation results of Hefei City wetlands[J]. Urban Space Design， 2008（6）： 65-68. （in Chinese）.
[2] YANG B. Hefei will build seven national wetland parks[N]. Hefei Evening News， 2014-08-15. （in Chinese）.
[3] JU YY. Hefei has launched the "top ten parks" and other landscape projects[N]. Jianghuai Morning News， 2018-03-26. （in Chinese）.
[4] Anhui Flora Writing Group. Anhui flora （volume 2） [M]. Beijing： China Prospect Press，1986. （in Chinese）.
[5] Anhui Flora Writing Group. Anhui flora （volume 3） [M]. Beijing： China Prospect Press，1988. （in Chinese）.
[6] Anhui Flora Writing Group. Anhui flora （volume 4） [M]. Hefei： Anhui Science and Technology Press，1991. （in Chinese）.
[7] Anhui Flora Writing Group. Anhui flora （volume 5） [M]. Hefei： Anhui Science and Technology Press， 1992. （in Chinese）.
[8] JIAN YJ. Five major projects of Binhu ecological wetlands in Hefei for helping to slow down the eutrophication of Chaohu Lake[N]. Anhui Business Daily， 2008-09-23.