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在孔子的观念重塑下,殷周以降盛行的“德”思想已从统治者用以自我解释的政治工具转变为儒者群体对公共秩序的伦理规设。透过观念新意义的发掘,可探寻到其间蕴含的言论立场的改变与价值诉求的变化。孔子言论中的“德”主要表现出三种向度的诉求,分别是针对统治阶层的德政规劝、面向普通民众的德教期待以及儒者群体的德性自觉,而这三种向度之间又具有紧密的内在关联,一并体现了“道德第三方”对天下秩序的普遍关切。思想言论的第三方立场及其引发的价值诉求的多元化,是我们探讨孔子学说需要重视的问题。
Under the remoulding of Confucius, the idea of “morality” that prevailed in Yin Zhou has changed from the political tools that the rulers use to explain themselves to the ethical regulation of public order by Confucian groups. Through the exploration of the new meaning of concept, we can find out the change of the position of speech and the change of value appealing. The “morality” in Confucius’ speech mainly shows the demands of three kinds of orientation, namely, the moral advice against the ruling class, the expectation of moral education for ordinary people and the moral consciousness of the Confucian group, It also has a close internal connection, which shows the common concern of the “moral third party” to the world order. The third-party standpoint of thinking and speech and the diversification of value demands that it sparked are the questions that we need to pay attention to in discussing Confucianism.