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采食行为是动物生产的一个重要组成部分,因为其在供应的饲料和消耗的饲料间建立了纽带。测定采食行为可以用作衡量动物感知日粮和采食刺激(即动物饥饿程度)的工具。动物的采食量也取决于供应的饲料、动物对配给饲料的采食经验以及其他会影响动物行为的竞争性刺激。本章我们将列举反刍动物、猪和家禽的相关实例,说明如何利用采食行为的测量来阐明生产动物的营养、身体状况和社会环境等因素对采食的限制。在反刍动物方面,我们还将介绍采食模式与瘤胃发酵间的关系,以及饲料供应和采食频率对采食行为的影响,并将着重介绍饲料成分的分拣。本章还将列举其他例子,说明基于饲喂空间、料槽的设计和分隔等因素,料槽边的竞争是如何提高动物的采食频率以及如何导致同群动物间的饲料分配不均匀的。我们将介绍供应的纤维类饲料如何减轻种畜(如限喂妊娠母猪)和种禽(如肉用种鸡)的饥饿感和攻击性。举例说明如何利用自动喂料器来检测单个动物采食模式的变化,反过来说,这也可以用于检测动物的健康问题。本章还将介绍放养的反刍动物如何表现出行为适应性,这不仅包括对草地组成和高度变化的适应性,也包括对高温和低温环境变化的适应性。其他例子还包括采食行为的研究,即已经探明可以减少仔猪断奶应激的方法以及如何通过饲喂粗糙饲料来预防产蛋母鸡的啄羽癖。总的来说,了解不同物种的采食行为和营养需求对评估动物福利非常重要。它可以帮我们解决采食方面的诸多问题,并且可以使动物发挥出所提供饲料的最大营养价值。
Feed behavior is an important part of animal production as it establishes a bond between supplied feed and consumed feed. Measuring feed intake can be used as a tool to measure animal-sensory diets and feeding stimuli (ie, animal starvation). The intake of animals also depends on the feed supplied, the animal’s experience of feeding the rationed feed, and other competitive stimuli that affect the behavior of the animal. In this chapter we will list examples of ruminants, pigs and poultry and show how we can use the measurement of feed behavior to clarify the restrictions on feed intake due to factors such as nutrition, physical condition and social environment in the producing animals. In the area of ruminants, we will also describe the relationship between feed patterns and rumen fermentation, the effects of feed supply and feed frequency on feed intake, and we will highlight the sorting of feed ingredients. Other examples are given in this chapter to illustrate how tank edge competition can increase animal feeding frequency and result in uneven feed distribution among females based on factors such as feed space, design and separation of troughs, and more. We will describe how the supply of fiber-based feed alleviates the hunger and aggression of breeding stock (such as pregnant sows) and broiler breeders (such as meat breeders). An example of how to use an automatic feeder to detect changes in individual animal feeding patterns can be used to detect animal health problems, conversely. This chapter also explains how stocking ruminants exhibit behavioral fitness, which includes not only adaptation to changes in grassland composition and height, but also adaptation to high and low temperature changes. Other examples include studies of feed behavior that have identified ways to reduce weanling stress in piglets and how to prevent pecking from laying hens by feeding rough feed. In general, understanding the feeding behavior and nutritional needs of different species is important for assessing animal welfare. It can help us to solve many problems in feeding, and can make animals play the maximum nutritional value of the feed provided.