非谓语动词之动名词用法

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  动名词和现在分词的外表几乎一样,均是由动词加?鄄ing词尾构成。但是它们之间是有着本质区别的,而且用法也各不相同哦,你都了解吗?
  动名词既有名词的特征,又有动词的特征。
  
  1. 动名词的名词特征。表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语(动词宾语或介词宾语)、表语、定语、状语。
  (1)作主语。动名词常用于一些固定句型中,it作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动名词,动名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。常见的有:
  ① It is useless(no use, no good, no harm, a waste of time, fun)doing...
  ② It is + adj(dangerous, expensive, nice, tiring)+ doing...
  ③ There is no + doing... 例如:
  It is no use asking him. He doesn’t know any more than you do.
  There is no joking about such matter.
  (2)作动词宾语。
  ① 下列动词后只能用动名词作宾语。
  admit, acknowledge, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, discontinue, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, favor, finish, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep, mind, miss, pardon, permit, practice, postpone, prevent, propose, quit, recollect, recommend, renounce, require, resist, risk, stand, stop, suggest, understand等。
  Mike often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
  The murderer denied killing the rich man.
  ② 有些动词后既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语,但含义不同。
  forget + 动名词:忘记做过某事;forget + 不定式:忘记去做某事;
  remember + 动名:记得做过某事;remember + 不定式:记得去做某事;
  regret + 动名词:后悔做了某事;regret + 不定式:后悔没有做某事。
  Please remember to lock the door. 请记得锁门。
  He remember locking the door yesterday when he went out. 他记得昨天出门的时候锁门了。
  ③ 动名词在demand, deserve, need, require, want等动词后面作宾语时,表示被动的意思。
  This matter demands discussing.
  The electric shaver wants repairing before it can be used.
  ④ 有些短语动词和结构后面也要求跟动名词作宾语。这样的短语动词常见的有:
  can’t help(忍不住), feel like, give up, go on, object/objection to, put off, keep on, insist on, leave off, think of, can’t help, cannot stand(受不了), there be no need, be fond of, be capable of, be keen on, be proud of, be ashamed of, be responsible for, be sick of, be tired of, be afraid of, insist on, persist in, accuse...of, dream of, prevent(stop, keep)...from, hear of
  下列动词短语中的“to”是介词,不是不定式的符号,因此后面要接动名词或名词。
  accommodate oneself to 使……适应于,be accustomed to(accustom oneself to) 习惯于,be addicted to 沉湎于,admit to 承认,be agreeable to 欣然同意, contribute to 有助于,devote...to 把……奉献给……,be devoted to 献身于,专心于,be equal to 能胜任;
  fall to 着手,have no(have an)objection to 不反对,(反对),object to 反对;
  look forward to 盼望,be opposed to 反对,pay attention to 注意,lend oneself to 帮助;
  prefer doing sth to doing sth 宁愿……而不……,see to 注意,stick to 坚持;
  take to 开始从事于,when it comes to 谈到,至于,be used to 习惯于等等。
  下列短语中的介词常常省略,因此后面要接动名词。
  spend time(money)(in),be busy(in),lose no time(in),There is no point(in),waste time(in),keep on,have(no)difficulty(in),have fun(in),have(no)trouble(in),have headaches(in),end up(by),take turns(at),bother(about), have a hard time(in),be through(with)完成,What’s the use(of)... ……有什么用?
  Do you feel like going out for dinner with me tonight?
  I am used to going to bed late and getting up late.
  ⑤ it代替动名词作形式宾语。当动名词作宾语而又带有自己的补足语(形容词或名词)时,要用it代替动名词,并将动名词放到补足语之后。能够用于这一句型常见的动词有:consider, find, think等。能用于这一句型常见的形容词和名词有:any good, no use, no good, worthwhile, useless, senseless, dangerous等。
  I found it no use arguing with you.
  Do you consider it any good trying again?
  (3)作介词宾语。动名词作介词宾语,并且和介词构成介词短语。
  She left without saying anything to us.
  Man’s dream of landing on the moon came true in 1968.
  (4)作表语。一般来说,动名词作表语表示主语的内容;而现在分词作表语表示主语的特征和属性。
  The work assigned to us is bringing the chairs downstairs.
  (bringing是动名词,表示主语的内容)
  The film was exciting.(exciting是现在分词,表示主语的特征)
  (5)作状语。动名词也可以和以下短语连用作状语:
  apart from, for fear of, in case of, with a view to, with the object of, in the event of等。例如:
  We should stay at home today instead of going to school.
  He did such a thing with the object of improving his oral English.
  (6)作定语。动名词可以和介词构成短语作定语,可被这种定语修饰的名词有:method of, way of, surprise at, art of, opportunity of, habit of, hope of, process of, possibility of, importance of, necessity of, intention of, means of, right of, experience of, reason for等。例如:
  What’s your reason for coming late?
  You must take this opportunity of taking part in the Asian Games.
  
  2. 动名词的动词特征。动名词的动词特征表现在可有自己的宾语或状语,从而组成动名词短语。同时还具有时态及语态意义。
  (1)动名词可带状语,如果是及物动词,需跟宾语。例如:
  It was obvious that he was trying to avoid answering that question.(跟宾语)
  Reading without thorough comprehension is no good.(跟状语)
  Getting a job in a large city in America is very difficult.(既跟宾语又跟状语)
  (2)动名词可具有时态意义。动名词可以像动词那样表现时态意义,有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)之分。动名词的时态意义是一个相对的概念,从属于句中谓语动词。一般式表示动名词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生,或表示一般性动作,没有时间概念;完成式表示动名词的动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生。例如:
  She is proud of being beautiful.(同时)
  I am thinking of going to the Industrial Exhibition this afternoon.(在其后)
  I prefer making an outline before I do my oral composition.(一般情况)
  I apologize for not having kept my promise.(之前发生)
  (3)动名词可具有语态意义。如果动名词与句中的逻辑主语构成被动关系,即逻辑主语接受动名词的动作,需用其被动形式(being done,having been done)。例如:
  They couldn’t stand being treated like that.(与其逻辑主语They构成被动关系)
  I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.
  (与其逻辑主语his构成被动关系)
  但是在want,need,require,deserve等动词之后作宾语时,常用动名词的主动式表示被动意义,但如果用不定式则用被动式。例如:
  The flowers in the garden want watering.
  (比较:The flowers in the garden want to be watered.)
  That’s one of those questions that really don’t need answering.
  (比较:The questions don’t need to be answered.)
  (4)动名词的否定式。 由not或never加动名词构成。如:
  I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going.(not going是动名词一般式的否定式)
  He was nervous from having never before spoken in public.(having never spoken是动名词完成式的否定式)
  
  3. 动名词的复合结构。
  (1)如果一个动名词或动名词短语前用一个物主代词或名词的所有格(在口语中可以用宾格代词)来表示动名词的逻辑主语,这种结构被称为动名词的复合结构,动名词的复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。
  (2)动名词的复合结构的两种形式:在动名词前加“物主代词或名词的所有格”;在动名词前加“名词的通格或人称代词的宾格”。其区别是:前者为正式语体,后者多用于非正式语体,多见于口语和动名词位于句中时。因此,在书面文体中,尽量用前者,不用后者;但在口语中使用后者更为自然。例如:
  Do you mind my smoking in the room?
  I don’t remember my mother complaining.
  但在下列情况下,不能使用所有格:
  ① 代词all,both,each,few,several,some,this等作逻辑主语时;
  ② 数词、名词化形容词(如the two,the old等)作逻辑主语时;
  ③ 结构中的逻辑主语是句子或短语,或受从句或短语修饰时。例如:
  In spite of the two telling the same story,I could not believe it.
  I remember each one of them saying it.
  Is there any chance of the people in the back of the room talking a little louder?
  编辑/孙栎栎
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