介绍了固定化微生物的起源、发展过程、制备材料、制备方法以及特点和优点。重点介绍了固定化微生物技术处理油田采油废水、石油加工废水和含石油成分废水的应用研究。对固定化微生物技术的优缺点进行了总结,其优点是可大幅提高微生物浓度、减少反应器体积、提高代谢活性和抗毒性、抗负荷冲击能力强、反应启动快、处理效率高、运行稳定、产污泥量少等;不足之处是可供固定的微生物种类较少,载体的费用较高。高效降解有机物的机理是载体有空穴结构,利于微生物的固定化,为微生物的生长和繁殖提供了良好的环境;载体可减轻水力负荷的冲击,受氧扩散的限制,载体内部产生缺氧区域,为厌氧、兼性和好氧处理的同步进行创造了条件;厌氧和好氧混合菌可加速生物转化,载体能在单位容积内提供巨大比表面积利于生物膜的生长。分析认为固定化微生物是极具发展前景的生物处理技术,提出了未来重要研究方向应为固定化材料的优化与组合、优势菌种的筛选和驯化、与其他处理技术联用等。 Introduced the origin of the immobilized microorganisms, the development process, preparation of materials, preparation methods and characteristics and advantages. The application of immobilized microbial technology in the treatment of oil recovery wastewater, petroleum processing wastewater and petroleum-containing wastewater was mainly introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of the immobilized microbial technology are summarized. The advantages of the method are as follows: the microbial concentration can be greatly increased, the reactor volume can be reduced, the metabolic activity and the anti-toxicity can be increased, the anti-load impact ability, the quick reaction start, the high treatment efficiency, The amount of sludge produced less; the downside is that fewer types of microorganisms can be fixed, higher carrier costs. The mechanism of efficiently degrading organic matter is that the carrier has a hole structure which is conducive to the immobilization of the microorganism and provides a good environment for the growth and reproduction of the microorganism; the carrier can reduce the impact of the hydraulic load and is limited by the oxygen diffusion; , Creating conditions for simultaneous anaerobic, facultative and aerobic treatments; anaerobic and aerobic mixes accelerate bioconversion, and the support can provide a large specific surface area per unit volume for biofilm growth. It is concluded that immobilized microorganisms are promising biological treatment technologies. It is suggested that future important research directions should be optimization and combination of immobilized materials, selection and domestication of dominant species, and other treatment technologies.