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当自下而上的规划占据主流地位时,上层政府机构尽管忽视了公共部门规划但仍保留针对发展的批评制度机制。在援引了新工业化国家为城市贫民提供住房和就业问题的例子后,文章阐述了在一个有效规划中,规划的本体论和程序论是不能相互分离的,因为规划程序很大程度被其欲解决的特定问题的本质所左右。因此,规划理论家需要时问题的本质有更好的认识,以便为规划操作者提供制度上的洞察力,以应对当问题以特殊方式被提出时可能会遇到的阻力。
When bottom-up planning dominates, upper-level government agencies retain the critical institutional mechanisms for development despite ignoring public-sector planning. After citing examples of housing and employment problems for the urban poor in the newly industrialized countries, the article states that in an effective plan, the ontology and procedural aspects of planning can not be separated from each other because the planning process is largely governed by its desires The specific nature of the problem is about. Planning theorists therefore have a better understanding of the nature of the problems in order to provide institutional planners with institutional insight in order to deal with the resistance that may be encountered when questions are presented in a particular way.