明初,公文制度极不健全,各种作弊现象十分严重,且无法可依,难以依法惩处。作弊最通常的手法是滞文,以各种借口拖延审批,以图从中取利。作弊另一严重问题是普遍伪造公文。洪武十五年,朱元璋发现上京接受考察的官吏绝大多数都身带各类已经加盖公章的空白公文,遇上级驳查,立即改填重报。为此,朱元璋大怒,认为这是极其严重的欺诈行为,并处死了一批持此类公文的官员,是为著名的“空印案”。洪武三十年,明政府颁布了由朱元璋亲 At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the official document system was extremely imperfect and various kinds of cheating were very serious and could not be followed. It is difficult to punish the party according to law. The most common way to cheat is lame language, delay the approval with various excuses, in order to benefit from it. Another serious problem of cheating is the common forgery of documents. Fifteen years of Hongwu’s time, the emperor found that the vast majority of the officials in Beijing who accepted the inspection belonged to various types of blank documents that were stamped with official seals. To this end, the emperor furious, thinking it was extremely serious fraud, and executed a number of officials holding such documents is the famous “blank case.” Hongwu thirty years, the Ming government promulgated by the emperor pro