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比喻是一种常见的修辞格。把议论文中的比喻当作论证方法少有疑义,几成定论。议论文中的比喻能不能直接就看成一种论证方法呢?我认为这是值得商榷的。按照科学定义,论证是一个运用论据论述和证明论点成立的过程。论证必须合乎逻辑推理,才能证明论点真实,使立论顺理成章。而比喻是一种修辞格,是“思想的对象同另外的事物有了类似点,说话和写文章时就用那另外的事物来比拟这思想的对象”,从而使语言得到修饰。(陈望道《修辞学发凡》)修辞和逻辑虽然有联系,但在文章中的功能是有区别的。金兆梓在《实用国文修辞学》中说:“文法者,言语律也;逻辑者,思想律也;发诸心,出乎口,何如斯为当,文法、逻辑之事也;修辞则不唯欲其当,必使吾之言说何如斯可以晓人而动人,使读者易于领会吾之思想与想象,然后修辞之能事始毕。
Metaphor is a common figure of speech. The use of metaphors in argumentative arguments as a method of argument is seldom doubtful, and it is almost certain. Can the metaphor in argumentation be seen directly as a method of argument? I think it is debatable. According to scientific definition, argumentation is a process of using argumentation to discuss and prove that the argument is established. Argumentation must be logically reasoned in order to prove the truth of the argument and make it logical. The metaphor is a figure of speech. It is “the object of thought has similarities with other things. When we talk and write articles, we use that other thing to compare the object of this thought”, so that the language is modified. (Chen Wangdao’s “rhetoric development”) Although there is a link between rhetoric and logic, there is a difference in the function of the article. In his “Practical Chinese Studies on Rhetoric”, Jin Zhaoxuan said: "The grammar writers are also the speakers of speech; the logicists and ideological principles are also responsible for everything; To make it happen, I must say that He Ruosi can know people and move people, so that readers can easily understand my thoughts and imagination, and then rhetoric can be completed.