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1860-1895年是中国近代史上的洋务运动时期.在这期间,洋务派经营近代工业企业采用了三种组织形式.第一种是官办,即清政府从国库中拔解经费,并委派官僚进行经营管理.属于这种经营方式的企业有江南制造总局、福州船政局、天津机器局、湖北枪炮厂等共约二十个.第二种是官督商办,即清政府设局招商股,并在开办之初贷以官款,以后由企业分年抵还.企业由清政府派总办、帮办、坐办和提调等官员经营管理,私人入股者按年取股息,并负担亏损.属于这种经营方式的企业有轮船招商局、开平矿务局、中国电报总局、上海机器织布局等共二十多个.第三种是官商合办,即清政府官方和私
1860-1895 was the period of the Westernization Movement in the modern history of China, during which the Westernizationists employed three modern forms of organization in the operation of modern industrial enterprises: the first was the government-run operation, in which the Qing government uncovered funds from the treasury and assigned bureaucrats The enterprises that belong to this mode of operation include Jiangnan Administration of Manufacturing, Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, Tianjin Machinery Bureau, Hubei Guns Factory, etc. The second one is the Governor’s Office, that is, Which was later repayable by the enterprise from year to year.The business was run by the Qing government as the chief office, assistant office, the office of the executive office and the commissioners. The private shareholders took dividends every year and paid the losses. Enterprises belonging to this mode of operation include the China Merchants Steam Navigation Co., Ltd., Kaiping Mining Bureau, China National Telegraph and General Office, Shanghai Machinery Fabrics Bureau, etc. The third type is jointly owned by officials and businessmen, namely, the Qing government’s official and private