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苏联的科技组织结构既是高度集中,又是高度分散的。这个制度结构上最突出的特征是中央、部(加盟共和国)和基层三级工作相互分离。每个部(加盟共和国)都是一个独立王国,行动起来几乎与其它部门各不相扰。决策结构基本上是垂直的,因而从实质上阻碍了横向的联络合作和协调关系。 1957年以前,苏联政府系统各部的科研机构占重要地位。这些机构占全国科研机构总数的82.5%,拥有的科学家占总数的79.5%,获得的科研预算经费占全国科研经费的总83%。1957年的第一次大改革,使科研机构随着25个部的撤消而有较大的变化,原先这
The scientific and technological organization of the Soviet Union is highly centralized and highly decentralized. The most striking feature of this institutional structure is the separation of the Central Government, the Ministry (the Republic of China) and the work at the grassroots level. Each ministry (Affiliation Republic) is an independent kingdom that acts almost uninterrupted with other sectors. The structure of decision-making is basically vertical, thus substantially impeding the horizontal liaison and cooperation and coordination. Before 1957, the scientific research institutions of various departments of the Soviet government system played an important role. These institutions account for 82.5% of the total number of scientific research institutions in the country, owning 79.5% of the total number of scientists and receiving 83% of the total research funding from the whole country. The first major reform in 1957 brought about a major change in the number of research institutes with the withdrawal of 25 ministries.