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汽车工业既是拉美国家进口替代战略向纵深发展的重要推动力,又是拉美各国向出口导向战略转变的先导部门。在拉美汽车工业发展的各个阶段,政府政策的作用十分显著。拉美汽车工业从简单组装转向当地制造、再到出口导向,是各国政府通过采取经济、法律和行政手段并约束跨国公司的市场进入和市场行为的结果。拉美的汽车工业政策体系主要是由国产化政策、外资政策、产业组织政策、贸易政策、技术研发政策和汽车消费政策等组成的。纵观拉美国家的汽车工业政策体系,既有因措施得当而促进了汽车工业在一定时期快速发展的成功经验,又有因应对失误而导致汽车工业结构失衡的失败教训。中国汽车工业当前表现出与拉美汽车工业相似的许多发展特征,业内甚至出现过“中国汽车工业拉美化”的惊呼和担忧。因此,详细考察拉美汽车工业政策的历史演变,对于中国来说具有重大的现实意义。
The auto industry is both an important driving force for the development of alternative strategies for Latin American countries in an in-depth development and a leading sector for Latin American countries to shift their export-oriented strategies. In all stages of the development of the automotive industry in Latin America, the role of government policy is significant. The shift from simple assembly to local manufacturing to export-oriented Latin American automobile industry is the result of governments adopting economic, legal and administrative measures and restricting the market entry and market behavior of transnational corporations. Latin American auto industry policy system is mainly made up of domestic policies, foreign investment policies, industrial organization policies, trade policies, technology research and development policies and automobile consumption policies. Looking at the automobile industry policy system of Latin American countries, both have successfully promoted the rapid development of the automobile industry in a certain period of time due to the proper measures and failed lessons from the imbalance of the structure of the automobile industry in response to mistakes. China’s auto industry has shown many characteristics of development similar to those in Latin America. There have even been exclamations and concerns in the industry about “Latin Americanization of China’s auto industry.” Therefore, it is of great practical significance for China to examine in detail the historical evolution of Latin American automobile industrial policy.