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本文审视了两种处于现代工业社会中心的关于资本主义的观点。我们将这两种对于现代工业资本主义声势浩大、至关重要却不尽相同的研究归功于马克思和皮凯蒂。在《资本论》中,马克思提供了一个对现代工业资本主义解剖式的复杂分析,他认为如此这般的资本主义不是永恒的,毋宁说它是变动不居的,并且会基于一些根据趋向于内在的崩溃。在这些根据中最重要的显然是一种利润率下降的趋势。马克思提出了资本主义非永恒性的三个理由:生产过剩、消费不足和所谓的利润率下降的规律。生产过剩和消费不足对于资本主义的威胁是有限的,然而利润率下降却被认为威胁到了资本主义持久的生存。皮凯蒂在他关于当代资本主义的理论文本中批评了这种观点。本文审视了马克思的主张和皮凯蒂的批评。它提出了三个结论:第一,马克思关于利润率下降的观点——类似一种哲学的演绎——在实证上是难以置信的。第二,一次马克思主义式的由资本主义向共产主义的成功转型,尽管在理论中是可能的,但是在实践中是不可能的。第三,如果我们仅仅通过马克思对资本主义危机的解释来判定马克思的全部立场,且先不论他的意图,就因为这种理论几乎不能在实践中实现自身,那么从这个方面来看,它还是一种传统的理论。
This article examines two views of capitalism in the heart of modern industrial society. We attributed these two studies, which were of great importance to but not all the same to modern industrial capitalism, to Marx and Picquet. In Capital, Marx provides an intricate analysis of the anatomy of modern industrial capitalism. He believes that capitalism like this is not eternal, but rather that it is subject to change and will be based on the principle of Internal collapse. Clearly the most important of these grounds is a downward trend in profit margins. Marx proposed three reasons for the non-permanence of capitalism: overproduction, lack of consumption and the so-called law of declining profit margins. The threat of overcapitalization and underconsumption to capitalism is limited, but the decline in the rate of profit is perceived as a threat to the long-term viability of capitalism. Picatti criticizes this view in his theoretical texts on contemporary capitalism. This article examines Marx’s assertions and Picquet’s criticisms. It put forward three conclusions: First, Marx’s view on the decline in profitability - analogous to a philosophical deduction - is unbelievably true. Second, a successful Marxist transformation from capitalism to communism, though theoretically possible, is impossible in practice. Thirdly, if we judge Marx’s entire position solely through Marx’s explanation of the crisis of capitalism, irrespective of his intentions, since it is almost impossible for this theory to realize itself in practice, then in this respect it is still A traditional theory.