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1. besides
besides用作副词主要表示补充说明，意思是“此外”“而且”。如：
I don’t want to go shopping. Besides, I haven’t got any money. 我不想去购物，再说，我也没有钱。
She won’t mind your being late — besides, it’s hardly your fault. 她不介意你迟到——况且这也不能说是你的错。
2. however
however主要用于转折或对比，意思是“然而”“可是”“但是”。如：
Some of the food crops failed. However, the cotton did quite well. 有些粮食作物长得不好，但棉花长得很不错。
His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind. 他最初的反应是不同意，但是后来他改变了主意。
3. instead
instead主要表示取而代之，大意是“相对”“而是”，有时需根据具体语境来翻译。如：
It will take days by car, so let’s fly instead. 开车去要好几天呢，咱们还是坐飞机去吧。
My husband asked why I couldn’t just forget about dieting all the time and eat normally instead. 我丈夫问我为什么就不能不整天想着节食，转而正经吃饭。
4. nevertheless
nevertheless 主要表示对比或转折，意思是“尽管如此”“不过”“仍然”。如：
There was no news; nevertheless we went on hoping. 尽管毫无消息，但我们仍抱着希望。
It’s a difficult race. Nevertheless, thousands of runners participate every year. 那是艰难的比赛，但每年仍有数千名赛跑者参加。
5. meanwhile
（1） 表示时间，意思是“其间”“同时”“在此期间”。如：
The flight will be announced soon. Meanwhile, please remain seated. 航班很快就要广播登机，在此期间请继续坐在座位上。
Carl’s starting college in September. Meanwhile, he’s travelling around Europe. 卡尔9月将开始大学生活，此间他将去环游欧洲。
（2） 表示对比，意思是“相比之下”“然而”“而”。如：
Stress can be extremely damaging to your health. Exercise, meanwhile, can reduce its effects. 压力会严重损害你的健康，锻炼则可以减少这些影响。
He had always found his wife’s mother a bit annoying. The mother-daughter relationship, meanwhile, was close. 他总是觉得丈母娘有点烦人，然而她们母女之间的关系却非常亲密。
6. moreover
moreover主要表示补充说明，意思是“此外”“而且”，与besides大致同义。如：
The firm did the work very well. Moreover, the cost was not too high. 这家公司做得十分出色，而且费用也不太高。
Bicycling is good exercise；moreover, it doesn’t pollute the air. 骑自行车是很好的运动，而且它不会污染空气。
7. otherwise
otherwise主要表示否定的条件，意思是“否则”“要不然”。如：
You’ll have to go now, otherwise you’ll miss your bus. 你现在得走了，不然你会赶不上公共汽车了。
I’d better write it down, otherwise I’ll forget it. 我最好把它写下来，要不然我会忘记的。
8. therefore
therefore主要表示结果，意思是“因此”“所以”。如：
We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project. 我们无法筹到资金，因此不得不放弃计划。
Muscle cells need lots of fuel and therefore burn lots of calories. 肌肉细胞需要很多能量，所以会燃烧大量卡路里。
9. thus
thus主要表示结果，意思是“因此”“所以”。如：
No decision had been made, and thus the situation remained unclear. 由于没有作出决定，所以事态并不明朗。
Fewer pupils will attend the schools, and they will thus have fewer teachers. 上学的学生人数会减少，因此他们将会减少教师的数量。
10. anyway
anyway的用法比较复杂，同学们在备考时主要应注意以下五种用法：
（1） 表示“尽管如此”“无论如何”，含有despite something else 的意味。如：
This idea probably won’t work, but let’s try it anyway. 这个办法可能行不通，不过我们还是试试吧。
Her parents were opposed to her giving up her course, but she did it anyway. 她父母反对她放弃学业，但她还是没有听。
（2） 对前面所说的话起补充作用，或使其听起来无关紧要，意思是“反正”“话又说回来”。如：
Of course I don’t mind taking you home—I’m going that way anyway. 我当然可以把你送回家——反正我也是顺路。
（3） 用于谈话中表示改变话题，回到原来说的话题或者即将谈到最有趣的话题，意思是“对了”“好吧”“不管怎么说”“无论如何”“再说”。如：
I don’t have time to go and anyway it’s too expensive. 我没有时间去，而且也太贵了。
Anyway, let’s leave that for the moment and look at this month’s profit figures. 好吧，让我们把那个问题放一放，我们来看看本月的利润额。
（4） 用于表示略去一些细节并转到下一个主要话题，意思是“总之”。如：
I went to college anyway, as a part-time student, paying my own way. 总之我上了大学，半工半读，自食其力。
Anyway, to cut a long story short, we had this argument and I haven’t seen him since. 总之，长话短说吧，我们发生了争执，我以后再也没有见到他。
（5） 用于限制或纠正前面所说过的话，以使其更准确地符合事实，意思是“至少”。如：
It’s something I can’t tell you—not just now, anyway. 这事我不能告诉你，至少现在不行。
There seems to have been a technical problem—anyway, that’s what they told me. 好像出了个技术故障，至少他们是这么跟我说的。
【边学边练】
1. I don’t like those shoes; _______, they’re too expensive.
A. besides B. however C. therefore D. instead
2. This is one possible solution to the problem. _______, there are others.
A. Nevertheless B. Besides C. Therefore D. However
3. There’s no coffee — would you like a cup of tea _______?
A. yet B. otherwise C. instead D. still
4. I thought those figures were correct. _______, I have recently heard they were not.
A. Nevertheless B. However C. Besides D. Instead
5. Geoff didn’t study law. _______, he decided to become an actor.
A. Besides B. Instead C. Nevertheless D. Still
6. The house was too expensive and too big. _______, I’d grown fond of our little rented house.
A. Moreover B. Otherwise C. However D. Besides
7. I knew a lot about the subject already, but her talk was interesting _______.
A. however B. nevertheless C. otherwise D. instead
8. The incomes of male professionals went up by almost 80%. _______, part-time women workers saw their earnings fall.
A. Besides B. Therefore C. Still D. Meanwhile
9. Phone home, _______ your parents will start to worry.
A. otherwise B. instead C. therefore D. however
10. The old system had its flaws, but _______ it was preferable to the new one.
A. instead B. otherwise C. nevertheless D. therefore
11. When it’s a nice day I walk to work, _______ I go by bus.
A. however B. however C. instead D. otherwise
12. The new boots are lighter and softer, and _______ more comfortable to wear.
A. instead B. otherwise C. therefore D. meantime
13. Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. _______ it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.
A. Otherwise B. Thus C. Nevertheless D. Instead
14. Catherine wasn’t sure the book was the right one, but she bought it _______.
A. instead B. besides C. therefore D. anyway
15. Progress so far has been very good. We are, _______, confident that the work will be completed on time.
A. still B. therefore C. anyway D. besides
【参考答案】 1—5 ADCBB6—10 DBDAC11—15 DCBDB
（编辑 陈根花）
besides用作副词主要表示补充说明，意思是“此外”“而且”。如：
I don’t want to go shopping. Besides, I haven’t got any money. 我不想去购物，再说，我也没有钱。
She won’t mind your being late — besides, it’s hardly your fault. 她不介意你迟到——况且这也不能说是你的错。
2. however
however主要用于转折或对比，意思是“然而”“可是”“但是”。如：
Some of the food crops failed. However, the cotton did quite well. 有些粮食作物长得不好，但棉花长得很不错。
His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind. 他最初的反应是不同意，但是后来他改变了主意。
3. instead
instead主要表示取而代之，大意是“相对”“而是”，有时需根据具体语境来翻译。如：
It will take days by car, so let’s fly instead. 开车去要好几天呢，咱们还是坐飞机去吧。
My husband asked why I couldn’t just forget about dieting all the time and eat normally instead. 我丈夫问我为什么就不能不整天想着节食，转而正经吃饭。
4. nevertheless
nevertheless 主要表示对比或转折，意思是“尽管如此”“不过”“仍然”。如：
There was no news; nevertheless we went on hoping. 尽管毫无消息，但我们仍抱着希望。
It’s a difficult race. Nevertheless, thousands of runners participate every year. 那是艰难的比赛，但每年仍有数千名赛跑者参加。
5. meanwhile
（1） 表示时间，意思是“其间”“同时”“在此期间”。如：
The flight will be announced soon. Meanwhile, please remain seated. 航班很快就要广播登机，在此期间请继续坐在座位上。
Carl’s starting college in September. Meanwhile, he’s travelling around Europe. 卡尔9月将开始大学生活，此间他将去环游欧洲。
（2） 表示对比，意思是“相比之下”“然而”“而”。如：
Stress can be extremely damaging to your health. Exercise, meanwhile, can reduce its effects. 压力会严重损害你的健康，锻炼则可以减少这些影响。
He had always found his wife’s mother a bit annoying. The mother-daughter relationship, meanwhile, was close. 他总是觉得丈母娘有点烦人，然而她们母女之间的关系却非常亲密。
6. moreover
moreover主要表示补充说明，意思是“此外”“而且”，与besides大致同义。如：
The firm did the work very well. Moreover, the cost was not too high. 这家公司做得十分出色，而且费用也不太高。
Bicycling is good exercise；moreover, it doesn’t pollute the air. 骑自行车是很好的运动，而且它不会污染空气。
7. otherwise
otherwise主要表示否定的条件，意思是“否则”“要不然”。如：
You’ll have to go now, otherwise you’ll miss your bus. 你现在得走了，不然你会赶不上公共汽车了。
I’d better write it down, otherwise I’ll forget it. 我最好把它写下来，要不然我会忘记的。
8. therefore
therefore主要表示结果，意思是“因此”“所以”。如：
We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project. 我们无法筹到资金，因此不得不放弃计划。
Muscle cells need lots of fuel and therefore burn lots of calories. 肌肉细胞需要很多能量，所以会燃烧大量卡路里。
9. thus
thus主要表示结果，意思是“因此”“所以”。如：
No decision had been made, and thus the situation remained unclear. 由于没有作出决定，所以事态并不明朗。
Fewer pupils will attend the schools, and they will thus have fewer teachers. 上学的学生人数会减少，因此他们将会减少教师的数量。
10. anyway
anyway的用法比较复杂，同学们在备考时主要应注意以下五种用法：
（1） 表示“尽管如此”“无论如何”，含有despite something else 的意味。如：
This idea probably won’t work, but let’s try it anyway. 这个办法可能行不通，不过我们还是试试吧。
Her parents were opposed to her giving up her course, but she did it anyway. 她父母反对她放弃学业，但她还是没有听。
（2） 对前面所说的话起补充作用，或使其听起来无关紧要，意思是“反正”“话又说回来”。如：
Of course I don’t mind taking you home—I’m going that way anyway. 我当然可以把你送回家——反正我也是顺路。
（3） 用于谈话中表示改变话题，回到原来说的话题或者即将谈到最有趣的话题，意思是“对了”“好吧”“不管怎么说”“无论如何”“再说”。如：
I don’t have time to go and anyway it’s too expensive. 我没有时间去，而且也太贵了。
Anyway, let’s leave that for the moment and look at this month’s profit figures. 好吧，让我们把那个问题放一放，我们来看看本月的利润额。
（4） 用于表示略去一些细节并转到下一个主要话题，意思是“总之”。如：
I went to college anyway, as a part-time student, paying my own way. 总之我上了大学，半工半读，自食其力。
Anyway, to cut a long story short, we had this argument and I haven’t seen him since. 总之，长话短说吧，我们发生了争执，我以后再也没有见到他。
（5） 用于限制或纠正前面所说过的话，以使其更准确地符合事实，意思是“至少”。如：
It’s something I can’t tell you—not just now, anyway. 这事我不能告诉你，至少现在不行。
There seems to have been a technical problem—anyway, that’s what they told me. 好像出了个技术故障，至少他们是这么跟我说的。
【边学边练】
1. I don’t like those shoes; _______, they’re too expensive.
A. besides B. however C. therefore D. instead
2. This is one possible solution to the problem. _______, there are others.
A. Nevertheless B. Besides C. Therefore D. However
3. There’s no coffee — would you like a cup of tea _______?
A. yet B. otherwise C. instead D. still
4. I thought those figures were correct. _______, I have recently heard they were not.
A. Nevertheless B. However C. Besides D. Instead
5. Geoff didn’t study law. _______, he decided to become an actor.
A. Besides B. Instead C. Nevertheless D. Still
6. The house was too expensive and too big. _______, I’d grown fond of our little rented house.
A. Moreover B. Otherwise C. However D. Besides
7. I knew a lot about the subject already, but her talk was interesting _______.
A. however B. nevertheless C. otherwise D. instead
8. The incomes of male professionals went up by almost 80%. _______, part-time women workers saw their earnings fall.
A. Besides B. Therefore C. Still D. Meanwhile
9. Phone home, _______ your parents will start to worry.
A. otherwise B. instead C. therefore D. however
10. The old system had its flaws, but _______ it was preferable to the new one.
A. instead B. otherwise C. nevertheless D. therefore
11. When it’s a nice day I walk to work, _______ I go by bus.
A. however B. however C. instead D. otherwise
12. The new boots are lighter and softer, and _______ more comfortable to wear.
A. instead B. otherwise C. therefore D. meantime
13. Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. _______ it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.
A. Otherwise B. Thus C. Nevertheless D. Instead
14. Catherine wasn’t sure the book was the right one, but she bought it _______.
A. instead B. besides C. therefore D. anyway
15. Progress so far has been very good. We are, _______, confident that the work will be completed on time.
A. still B. therefore C. anyway D. besides
【参考答案】 1—5 ADCBB6—10 DBDAC11—15 DCBDB
（编辑 陈根花）