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在物理学的理论中,建立了许多理想模型。例如,力学中只有质量而没有形状大小的“质点”,在任何外力作用下都不会发生任何形变的,绝对硬的“刚体”;电磁学中没有空间大小的“点电荷”;电流与磁场中的“电流元”;几何光学中的“光线”;分子物理学中有所谓分子本身体积和相互作用力都可忽略不计的“理想气体”;热辐射中有所谓能够全部吸收外来电磁辐射而无任何反射和透射的“绝对黑体”等等。它们不仅是教材所描述的那样只是知识积累的结果,而且还是科学思想和方法的结晶。随着科学技术的迅速发展,人们的教学思想也正在发生着深刻的变化。在教学过程中,不仅仅限于科学知识的传授,而更要提倡科学方法的训练,科学思维的发展,以及创造能力的培养。本文从科学方法论的角度谈谈物理学中理想模型教学的思想方法的几点初步体会。
In the theory of physics, many ideal models have been established. For example, in a mechanics, there is only a “mass point” of mass and shapelessness, an absolutely rigid “rigid body” that does not undergo any deformation under any external force, no space-sized “point charge” in electromagnetism, current and magnetic field. The “current element” in the “rays” of geometric optics, and the “ideal gas” in molecular physics, in which the volume and interaction of the molecules themselves are negligible, and the so-called “absorption of external electromagnetic radiation” in thermal radiation. Absolute blackbody without any reflection and transmission. They are not only the result of knowledge accumulation as described in the teaching materials, but also the crystallization of scientific ideas and methods. With the rapid development of science and technology, people’s teaching ideas are undergoing profound changes. In the teaching process, not only the teaching of scientific knowledge, but also the training of scientific methods, the development of scientific thinking, and the cultivation of creative abilities. From the perspective of scientific methodology, this article talks about some thoughts and ideas about the ideology and methods of ideal model teaching in physics.