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人类经济进步首先表现为产品的创造和产量的增加,而这个变化仰赖由技术进步支撑的专业化分工水平的提高。技术和专业化分工水平提高又依靠产权保护和市场扩大这两个要素,而这两个要素在王权政治结构之下基本不具备。欧洲中世纪后期开始,产权保护制度(特别是知识产权保护制度)逐步确立,与扩大市场流通有关的技术获得突破,交易
The first step in human economic progress has been the creation of products and the increase of output, which has relied on the improvement of the specialized division of labor supported by technological progress. The improvement of the division of labor between technology and specialization relies on the protection of property rights and the expansion of markets. These two elements are basically not available under the monarchical political structure. Since the latter half of the Middle Ages in Europe, the system of property rights protection (especially the protection of intellectual property rights) has been gradually established and breakthroughs have been made in technologies related to the expansion of market circulation. Transactions