对项目的管理自古以来就是人类完成经济社会各方面建设的重要手段,埃及的金字塔,中国的长城这些古老奇迹就是人们组织人力物力来完成宏大项目的典型例子。现在,项目管理又成为信息时代新的焦点,并被称为是未来的浪潮。摒弃纯职能管理传统上,商业企业运作模式是职能式的,也就是将公司或企业划分为一个个职能部门,每个部门有其专业职能,负责经营管理中的一部分工作。整体上,内部组织表现为一种纵向的层级结构。这种职能式结构对于公司的正常运作是很必要的,然而随着时代的发展,它也暴露出自己缺陷。这种结构适应工业时代的大宗同质商品的生产,但随符信息时 The management of the project has been an important means by which mankind has completed all aspects of economic and social construction since ancient times. The ancient miracles of the pyramids in Egypt and the Great Wall in China are typical examples of how people organize their human and material resources to accomplish ambitious projects. Project management has now become the new focus of the information age and is known as the wave of the future. Abandonment of purely functional management Traditionally, the mode of operation of a business enterprise is functional, that is, the company or enterprise is divided into functional departments, each of which has its own specialized functions and is responsible for a portion of the operations and management. As a whole, internal organizations appear as a vertical hierarchy. This functional structure is necessary for the normal operation of the company. However, with the development of the times, it also reveals its own defects. This structure accommodates the production of large homogeneous commodities in the industrial age, but with information