论文部分内容阅读
鸦片战争爆发前夜,即19世纪40年代前,世界近代海军已经崛起。当时,英、法海军实力最强,俄国居其后。雄踞海军强国首位、控制世界海权的是英国。 一、中英海军实力的比较 鸦片战争前,英国军队总兵力20万人,已经形成一支初具规模的、多兵种合成的近代化军队。英国海军舰船共约580艘,巨型战舰装备舰炮达120门之多;大型舰船长达108米,载员五六百人,装备火炮74门,排水量约千吨;中型舰船长约90米,载员约320人,装备火炮三四十门;小型舰船载员约160人,装备火炮一二十门不等。英舰炮大者重8000斤,小的也有4000斤,均为铜、铁(含碳低)铸成,瞄准装具先进,不仅装设瞄准星斗,而且配置炮规(象限仪、量天尺),炮架坚固,有转轴,可以上下左右灵活转动,射程远(有效射程约为1000～2000米)。英舰船体坚实,船体用铜皮包裹,防护能力较强,抗沉性较好。 军队建设是以社会生产所提供的物质资料为基础的。鸦片战争前,中国工业始终没有冲破传统手工业的生产方式。以基础工业的冶铁业为例,最好的炼铁炉仍为明末遗制的日产3600斤的瓶形铁炉,全年铁产量仅2
On the eve of the Opium War, that is, before the 1840s, the modern world navy has risen. At that time, the British and French navies were the strongest ones and Russia followed. Dominating the top naval power and controlling the world’s sea power is Britain. I. Comparison of the Strength of the Chinese and British Navy Before the Opium War, the total strength of the British army was 200,000, and a modern armed army with a large number of arms and arms combined has been formed. About 580 British navy ships and giant warships equipped with 120 guns and warships; the 108-meter long-sized warship contains 500 or 600 people and has 74 artillery guns that displace about 1,000 tons of displacement; 90 meters, carrying about 320 people, equipped with artillery thirty or forty; small ships carrying about 160 people, equipped with artillery ranging from one to twenty. The British naval gun weighs 8,000 pounds and the small one also weighs 4,000 kilos. All of them are made of copper and iron with a low carbon content. They are aimed at advanced equipment and are not only equipped with aiming at the stars, but also equipped with guns (quadrant, , Rugged solid, a shaft, you can flexibly rotate up and down, long range (effective range of about 1000 ~ 2000 meters). British ship hull solid, hull with copper wrap, strong protection, anti-sinking better. Army building is based on the material information provided by social production. Before the Opium War, Chinese industry did not break through the traditional handicraft production methods. Take the basic iron-smelting industry as an example. The best iron smelting furnace is still the 3600-kilogram bottle-shaped iron furnace left by the end of the Ming Dynasty. The output of iron is only 2