社会系统的多元与开放性既存在于结构渐变的过程中,也产生于结构质变的转折中,因而对其研究不仅是静态考察,也应动态把握。鉴于学界更重视社会系统的静态研究,本文着重分析社会系统质变过程中结构的多元特征以及由此产生的开放性。一、满族奴隶社会的多元结构及其开放性1.多元结构。满族奴隶社会向封建社会的跳跃发展,根源于社会结构的多元性。经济上,女真、满族早期以渔猎为主,是采集、渔猎、游牧、农业和商业并存的多元经济,其中较为突出的是八旗土地制度。八旗土地的所有权属于政府,平均分配,个人只有使用权。同时,健全以八旗制度为主的商业管理制度,促进商业发展。女真人封建生产方式的 The pluralism and openness of the social system exist both in the process of gradual structural change and also in the turning point of qualitative change of the structure. Therefore, the study of the social system is not only static inspection but also dynamic. In view of the fact that scholars pay more attention to the static research of social system, this article focuses on the analysis of the multiple features of the structure of the social system during the qualitative change and the consequent openness. First, the pluralistic structure of Manchu slave society and its open 1. Diversified structure. Manchu slave society to the feudal society, the leap in development, rooted in the diversity of social structures. Economically, the Jurchen and Manchu were dominated by fishing and hunting in the early days. They were the pluralistic economy in which hunting, fishing, hunting, nomadic farming, and business coexisted. Among them, the Eight Banners land system was most prominent. Eight Banners land ownership belongs to the government, the average distribution, individuals only have the right to use. At the same time, improve the business management system based mainly on the Eight Banners and promote commercial development. Jurchen feudal mode of production