多孔硅具有独特的结构和优异的物理、化学性能,基于多孔硅的复合材料性能更加优越,其应用前景值得期待。综述了多孔硅的起源及其发展过程。介绍了多孔硅复合材料的多种制备方法,其中重点介绍了电镀法和无电沉积法,讨论了沉积物形貌的影响因素以及每种沉积方法的优缺点。对多孔硅复合材料在多个领域的应用分别进行了概述,包括传感器、含能材料、锂离子电池、超级电容器和生物医学等,分析了复合结构对多孔硅性能提升的作用。最后展望了根据实际需求设计并可控制备多孔硅复合材料的前景。 Porous silicon has a unique structure and excellent physical and chemical properties. The composite material based on porous silicon is more superior in performance and its application prospect is worth looking forward to. The origin and development of porous silicon are reviewed. A variety of preparation methods of porous silicon composites are introduced. The electroplating method and electroless deposition method are mainly introduced. The influencing factors of deposit morphology and the advantages and disadvantages of each deposition method are discussed. The applications of porous silicon composites in many fields, including sensors, energetic materials, lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors and biomedicine, are summarized respectively. The effect of composite structure on the performance improvement of porous silicon is analyzed. Finally, the prospect of designing and controlling porous silicon composites based on actual needs is prospected.