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针对目前我国城市消防站建设存在的数量不足、责任区面积过大、选址缺乏科学性等问题,引入广义最大覆盖模型,探讨城市消防站的优化选址方法。广义最大覆盖模型很好地解决了传统最大覆盖模型中假设覆盖度为二元值的缺陷,通过分段递减函数,将覆盖度表示为0～1之间的连续值,实现了供应点对所有需求点的覆盖。同时,本研究还考虑不同区域的火灾风险等级并设定了相应响应时间限值,通过对最短响应时间和响应时间限值的比较,得出候选消防站点对各个需求点的覆盖度水平。通过实例对广义最大覆盖模型的有效性进行验证,并利用LINGO软件进行求解。研究表明,广义最大覆盖模型可实现供应点以不同程度覆盖所有需求点,更适用于消防站类应急设施的选址问题。
In view of the problems such as the insufficient number of urban fire stations in China, the large area of responsibility areas, and the lack of scientific location, the generalized maximum coverage model was introduced to explore the optimal site selection method for urban fire stations. The generalized maximum coverage model well solves the defect that the coverage in the traditional maximum coverage model is a binary value. Through the piecewise decrement function, the coverage is expressed as a continuous value between 0 and 1, which realizes the supply point to all Coverage of demand points. At the same time, this study also considers the fire risk level of different regions and sets the corresponding response time limit. By comparing the shortest response time and the response time limit, the coverage level of the candidate fire station to each demand point is obtained. The effectiveness of the generalized maximum coverage model is verified by an example and solved by using LINGO software. The research shows that the generalized maximum coverage model can achieve supply points to cover all demand points to different degrees, and is more suitable for the location selection of emergency facilities in fire stations.