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第二次鸦片战争结束后,清政府经历了资本主义列强的入侵和太平军、捻军的反抗,处于“内外交困”的境地。19世纪60年代,封建统治阶级内部思想发生裂变,一些激进的改良主义者开始认识到外国“利器”对中国“自强”、“求富”的重要性,开始纷纷筹办“洋务”。“洋务”涉及的范围最初是开办军事工业,后来扩大到民用工业。南方、北方相继开办,参与其事的人越来越多,因而形成具有一定规模的运动,也就是洋务运动。开办洋务运动,派遣留学
After the end of the Second Opium War, the Qing government experienced the invasion of the capitalist powers and the resistance of the Taipings and Nian Jun forces and was in a situation of “internal and external”. In the 1860s, the internal thinking of the feudal ruling class had fissioned. Some radical reformists began to realize the importance of foreign “weaponry” to China’s “self-improvement” and “seeking prosperity” and started to organize “ ”Foreign Affairs “. ”Western Affairs " The scope of the first is to start the military industry, and later expanded to civilian industry. The South and the North have successively started to organize and participate in more and more people, thus forming a certain scale of movement, that is, the Westernization Movement. Opened the Westernization Movement, to send students to study