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第二次世界大战后,国家计划调节何题作为世界经济发展的新现象,引起了人们极大的关注。目前,不仅社会主义国家,发达资本主义国家,甚至发展中国家对经济都普遍采用了国家计划调节的形式。这就促使我们思考这样一个问题,即为什么在生产资料所有制形式截然不同的世界各国能普遍实行国家计划调节?这种经济现象是偶然的还是必然的?本文就这个问题谈些看法。 在我国经济学界,传统的理论观点认为,国民经济有计划按比例发展是社会主义和共产主义的特有规律,但二次大战后世界各国普遍实行国家计划调节的事实却表明,这种观点是不科学不准确的。对此有必要运用历史唯物主义观点,从生产力和生产关系的辩证统一方面,从商品经济的内在本质要求方面去深入进行研究。 首先,从生产力的角度看,社会化大生产客观上要求国家实行计划调节。任何社会生产都要按一定比例分配社会劳动。在生产力发展水平较低,社会生产规模较小,社会分工不够发达的情况下,社会生产各部门之间的比例关系较为简单,社会再生产过程各方面容易协调一致,这时,还不需要有一个社会中心来对社会生产进行统一的调节。当社会生产力发展到一定程度,出现社会化大生产之后,社会分工较细,生产专业程度较高,国民经济各个部门之间的经济联系十分密切,比例关系?
After World War II, the national plan to adjust the question as a new phenomenon in world economic development has aroused great concern. At present, not only the socialist countries, developed capitalist countries and even developing countries have generally adopted the form of state planning for the economy. This prompts us to ponder over the question of why national planning adjustments can be universally practiced in all countries of the world in which the means of ownership of the means of production are heterogeneous and whether this economic phenomenon is by chance or inevitable. In the field of economics of our country, the traditional theoretical view holds that the planned proportional development of the national economy is a peculiar law of socialism and communism. However, the fact that the state planning has been universally adopted after World War II has shown that this view is not Inaccurate in science. Therefore, it is necessary to use the view of historical materialism to study in depth from the dialectical unity of the productive forces and the relations of production with the intrinsic nature of the commodity economy. First of all, from a productivity standpoint, large-scale socialized production objectively requires that the state implement a plan adjustment. Any social production must be allocated a certain percentage of social labor. With a low level of development of productive forces, a relatively small scale of social production and a less developed social division of labor, the ratio between the various sectors of social production is relatively simple and the various aspects of social reproduction are easy to reconcile. In this case, it is not necessary to have a Social center to carry out a unified adjustment of social production. When the social productive forces have developed to a certain extent and socialized mass production has emerged, the social division of labor is finer and the degree of professional production is higher. The economic links between the various departments of the national economy are very close and proportional.