The anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) process has been found to play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems in recent years.However,the diversity and abundance of anammox bacteria in nitrogen (N)-rich agricultural soils under high fertilizer greenhouse conditions are still unclear.Two greenhouse fields with different N fertilizer input levels were chosen,and their soil profiles were studied with molecular technologies,including quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay,a clone library,and phylogenetic analysis based on hzsB (encoding anammox hydrazine synthase β-subunit) gene.Molecular analyses suggested that anammox bacteria were at their highest density at 10-20 cm soil depth,and that the anammox bacterial abundance was significantly lower at high N than at low N.Candidatus Brocadia was the sole anammox bacterial genus throughout the soil depth profiles.The highest diversity of anammox bacteria was found at 30-40 cm soil depth,and different phylotypic clusters of Candidatus Brocadia were associated with specific soil environmental factors,such as nitrates,soil depth,and total N.Correlation analyses and redundancy analyses confirmed that high nitrate content associated with high N fertilizer input had a significant negative influence on the abundance and biodiversity of anammox bacteria.These results imply that excessive use of N fertilizer would affect arid land soil N loss to the atmosphere by the anammox pathway.