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一、背景在人类生产斗争的历史中,计算工具的改进一直是很重要的。长期以来人类制造和使用了各种机械的计算装置。直到1946年冯诺埃曼(Von Neumann)提出了程序存储式计算机的概念,开创了近代数字式电子计算机发展的新阶段。计算机都是以电子管为工作元件的,称为第一代计算机。1948年出现了远比电子管可靠性高得多的晶体管。晶体管不仅可靠性高而且体积小巧。到1950年代中期以后就出现了晶体管化的电子计算机。这称为第二代计算机。与此同时磁带、磁鼓等
I. Background In the history of the struggle for the production of mankind, it has always been important to improve computational tools. A variety of mechanical computing devices have long been manufactured and used by humans. It was not until 1946 that Von Neumann proposed the concept of program-storage computers, opening up a new phase of the development of modern digital electronic computers. Electronic tubes are used as the working elements of the computer, known as the first generation of computers. 1948 appeared much higher than the reliability of the transistor transistor. Transistors are not only highly reliable but also small in size. By the mid-1950s, transistorized computers appeared. This is called a second generation computer. At the same time tapes, drums and so on