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在森林中,不仅非生物成分与生物成分处于永恒的相互作用之中,而且各种生物彼此之间也直接或间接发生相互作用。因此,我们把林木以外的各种乔木、灌木、草本植物、低等植物和大、小动物也看成是生态因子。在这一讲只谈植物之间的直接相互作用、间接相互作用和动物与森林关系这三个简要内容。一、森林植物之间的直接相互作用植物个体相互接触而实现的关系称“直接关系。”主要表现有以下六种: 1.机械作用:两个靠近的林木随年令的增长日益挨紧,进而相互挤压,导致树干倾斜或弯曲的现象。 2.附生关系:某些形体较小的低等或高等植物能借助它们的气根吸附在形体较大且刚性强的植物体上,依靠空气或附主表面附着的水分和养分生活,这样的关系叫“附生关系”。温带和寒带森林中的附生植物主要是苔藓、地衣和蕨类。湿度大的森林中附生植物非常繁茂,以致可以阻碍林木的正常生长、发育,降低森林的价值。
In the forest, not only the non-biological components and the biological components are in an eternal interaction, but also various organisms interact with each other either directly or indirectly. Therefore, we also consider various kinds of trees, shrubs, herbs, lower plants and big and small animals other than trees as ecological factors. In this talk we will only talk about the three direct interactions between plants, the indirect interactions and the relationship between animals and forests. First, the direct interaction between forest plants Individual plant contact with each other to achieve the relationship between the “direct relationship.” The main performance of the following six: 1 mechanical effect: two close to the tree growing closer with the growth of the year, And then squeeze each other, leading to the phenomenon of skewed or curved trunk. 2. Epiphytic relationship: some smaller and lower body or higher plants by virtue of their air roots can be adsorbed in the form of large and rigid plants, rely on air or attached to the main surface of the water and nutrients attached to life, so The relationship is called “epigenetic relationship.” Epiphytes in temperate and boreal forests are mainly moss, lichens and ferns. In a humid forest, epiphytes are so lush that they can hinder the normal growth and development of trees and reduce the value of forests.