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在复合句中,起名词作用的各种从句都称为名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句在历年各地高考英语试卷中几乎都有涉及,并且每年都有所变化。
一、引导名词从句的连词
名词性从句需由连词引导、与主句相接,可以引导名词性从句的连词有以下几类:
1. 从属连词:that, weather, if。that本身没有词义,常用来引导间接陈述句。whether, if意为“是否”,引导间接一般问句。它们只起连接主句与从句的作用,在从句中不充当任何成分。
2. 连接代词:who(谁——主格),whom(谁——宾格),which(哪一个,哪一些—指人或指物),what(什么,……的东西——指物),whoever(无论谁),whatever(无论什么),whichever(无论哪一个,哪一些),它们除了起连接作用外,还可以在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。
3. 连接副词:when(什么时候),where(什么地方), why(为什么),how(如何,怎么)。它们除了起连接作用外,还在从句中作状语。
二、名词性从句在复合句中的句法功能
名词性从句在复合句中起名词作用,可以担任主语、宾语、表语和同位语。
1. 主语从句(用作主语的从句称为主语从句)
1) that从句作主语
that引导的主语从句可位于句首直接作主语;也可以位于句末,用it作形式主语。如果主语从句用于疑问句中,则必须用it作形式主语而把that引导的主语从句后置。
【真题再现】 It is often the case anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. (2016江苏卷21)
A. why B. what
C. as D. that
【解析】 D。句意:对于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能是事实。it是形式主语,真正的主语从句结构完整,不缺少任何成分,所以用that引导。
That light travels in straight lines is known to all.→It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.众所周知光线以直线传播。
Has it been settled who will be sent to carry out the task? 派谁去执行这项任务已经决定了吗?
2) 用it作形式主语的常见句型有:
It is 名词 主语从句
It is 形容词 主语从句
It is 过去分词 主语从句
It is 不及物动词 主语从句
如:It is common knowledge that the earth goes round the sun. 地球绕太阳转是常识。
It is obvious that he doesnt want to see you. 显然他不想见你。
It is reported that 67 persons died in the accident. 据报道,有67人在这起事故中死亡。
It seems to me that your answer is wrong. 在我看来你的回答错了。
2. whether (是否) 从句作主语同样可放句首或句末。如:
Whether he will come remains a question. →It remains a question whether he will come.
3. whoever, whichever, whatever, however引導主语从句只能放句首。
Whoever is here gets a prize. 谁在这里都能得奖。
【真题再现】 Every year, makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival. (2017北京卷23)
A. whatever B. whoever
C. whomever D. whichever
【解析】 B。句意:每年,任何一个做出最漂亮的风筝的人将会在风筝节获奖。 makes the most beautiful kite是主语从句,根据意思可知答案。
2. 宾语从句(用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句,既可作及物动词的宾语,也可作介词的宾语)
1) 作及物动词的宾语:
【真题再现】 Jane moved aimlessly down the treelined street, not knowing she was heading. (2017北京卷26)
A. why B. where
C. how D. when
【解析】 B。句意:Jane漫无目的地走在两旁栽树的街道上,不知道她将去往何方,根据句意可知选B。
【真题再现】 She asked me I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadnt. (2017天津卷4) 2) 当句子的主语是:advice, demand, idea, order, proposal, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名词时,表语从句须用虚拟語气,即:(should) do。
My advice is that he(should)apologize to her.我建议他应该向她道歉。
3) 表语从句有时用as if 引导。从句中根据实际情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。
It looks as if it is going to rain. (下雨的可能性很大)
It looks as if it were going to rain. (下雨的可能性很小)
4) 表语从句有时用because引导,但是主句主语应该用it, this或者that。
She didnt attend the lecture. It / This / That is because she was ill.
4. 同位语(与其前的某名词可以相等,说明该名词所表示的内容)
1) 可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有:fact, news, idea, promise, thought, problem, question, report, order, instruction, impression, suggestion, truth, belief, doubt, hope, opinion, conclusion, discovery。
【真题再现】 The that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space. (2018天津卷6)
A. advice B. order
C. possibility D. invitation
【解析】