Livestock provide multifaceted services to human societies worldwide.In developing countries,they are crucial assets and safety net for rural poor,and they provide nutrients-dense food to nourish people.In developed economies,growth in demand for animal-derived food is slowing while attention is growing over the role of livestock farming in an enhanced circular food system for sustainability.This analysis,focusing on the modern food systems in developed countries,aims to highlight the unique function of livestock that helps people re-harvest and upcycle crop and food residues generated along the food chain that are otherwise unfit for human consumption.First,human-unusable crop and food residue materials are described in three broad categories based on their characteristics and potential feeding attributes;the magnitude of biomass materials that are already used in routine animal feeding as well as residues that remain as underutilized resources are illustrated using the USA as an example.Then,the research and technology development critically needed for the future is discussed.As the world strives to produce more food with smaller environmental and climate footprints,upcycling the residual biomass via livestock for food production presents a viable pathway toward improved resource use,reduced pollution and enhanced food system efficiency.