伴随着20世纪科学技术和工业革命的迅速发展,石油作为基础能源被广泛应用于各个领域,在世界能源结构中代替煤而成为“第一能源”,并因其重要的经济价值和战略价值成为各国经济发展和现代化进程中必不可少的物质基础。经济发展、国家安全,以至国际关系都在很大程度上直接或间接地受石油问题影响。对石油资源的争夺也成为国际竞争的焦点。20世纪后期以来,以新材料、新能源开发和利用为主要标志的新科技革命不断深入,新型能源的开发使用初步取得了一些突破性的成果。同时各国政府为防止因进口石油产生 With the rapid development of science and technology and industrial revolution in the 20th century, petroleum as basic energy is widely used in various fields and becomes the “primary energy” in place of coal in the world energy structure. Because of its important economic value and strategic value, oil The essential material basis for all countries in their economic development and modernization. Economic development, national security and even international relations are to a large extent directly or indirectly affected by oil issues. Competition for oil resources has also become the focus of international competition. Since the latter part of the 20th century, the new scientific and technological revolution marked by the development and utilization of new materials and new energy sources has been deepening. Some breakthrough achievements have been initially achieved in the development and utilization of new-type energy sources. At the same time, governments of all countries to prevent the import of oil generated